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<!ENTITY VERSION "1.0">
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<!ENTITY COMMANDNAME "mandos">
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<!ENTITY TIMESTAMP "2011-10-03">
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<!ENTITY % common SYSTEM "common.ent">
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<refentry xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<title>Mandos Manual</title>
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<!-- NWalsh’s docbook scripts use this to generate the footer: -->
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<productname>Mandos</productname>
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<productnumber>&version;</productnumber>
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<date>&TIMESTAMP;</date>
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<title>&COMMANDNAME;</title>
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<!-- NWalsh's docbook scripts use this to generate the footer: -->
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<productname>&COMMANDNAME;</productname>
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<productnumber>&VERSION;</productnumber>
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<firstname>Björn</firstname>
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<surname>Påhlsson</surname>
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<email>belorn@recompile.se</email>
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<email>belorn@fukt.bsnet.se</email>
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<firstname>Teddy</firstname>
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<surname>Hogeborn</surname>
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<email>teddy@recompile.se</email>
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<email>teddy@fukt.bsnet.se</email>
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<holder>Teddy Hogeborn</holder>
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<holder>Björn Påhlsson</holder>
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<xi:include href="legalnotice.xml"/>
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This manual page is free software: you can redistribute it
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and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
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License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
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either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
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This manual page is distributed in the hope that it will
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be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
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implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
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PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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License along with this program; If not, see
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<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/"/>.
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<refentrytitle>&COMMANDNAME;</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
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<refname><command>&COMMANDNAME;</command></refname>
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Gives encrypted passwords to authenticated Mandos clients
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Sends encrypted passwords to authenticated Mandos clients
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>--interface
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<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>-i
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<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>--address
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<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>-a
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<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>--port
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<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>-p
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<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>--priority
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<replaceable>PRIORITY</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>--servicename
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<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>--configdir
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<replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>--debug</option></arg>
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<arg><option>--debuglevel
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<replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>--no-dbus</option></arg>
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<arg><option>--no-ipv6</option></arg>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>--help</option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>-h</option></arg>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>--version</option></arg>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>--check</option></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--interface<arg choice='plain'>IF</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--address<arg choice='plain'>ADDRESS</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--port<arg choice='plain'>PORT</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--priority<arg choice='plain'>PRIORITY</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--servicename<arg choice='plain'>NAME</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--configdir<arg choice='plain'>DIRECTORY</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--debug</arg>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<arg choice='opt'>-i<arg choice='plain'>IF</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>-a<arg choice='plain'>ADDRESS</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>-p<arg choice='plain'>PORT</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--priority<arg choice='plain'>PRIORITY</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--servicename<arg choice='plain'>NAME</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--configdir<arg choice='plain'>DIRECTORY</arg></arg>
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<arg choice='opt'>--debug</arg>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<arg choice='plain'>--help</arg>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<arg choice='plain'>--version</arg>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<arg choice='plain'>--check</arg>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1 id="description">
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<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> is a server daemon which
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handles incoming request for passwords for a pre-defined list of
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client host computers. For an introduction, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>intro</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The Mandos server
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uses Zeroconf to announce itself on the local network, and uses
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TLS to communicate securely with and to authenticate the
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clients. The Mandos server uses IPv6 to allow Mandos clients to
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use IPv6 link-local addresses, since the clients will probably
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not have any other addresses configured (see <xref
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linkend="overview"/>). Any authenticated client is then given
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the stored pre-encrypted password for that specific client.
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client host computers. The Mandos server uses Zeroconf to
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announce itself on the local network, and uses GnuTLS to
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communicate securely with and to authenticate the clients.
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Mandos uses IPv6 link-local addresses, since the clients are
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assumed to not have any other addresses configured yet. Any
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authenticated client is then given the pre-encrypted password
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for that specific client.
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<refsect1 id="purpose">
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<title>PURPOSE</title>
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The purpose of this is to enable <emphasis>remote and unattended
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rebooting</emphasis> of client host computer with an
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<emphasis>encrypted root file system</emphasis>. See <xref
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linkend="overview"/> for details.
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rebooting</emphasis> of any client host computer with an
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<emphasis>encrypted root file system</emphasis>. The client
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host computer should start a Mandos client in the initial RAM
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disk environment, the Mandos client program communicates with
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this server program to get an encrypted password, which is then
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decrypted and used to unlock the encrypted root file system.
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The client host computer can then continue its boot sequence
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<refsect1 id="options">
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<title>OPTIONS</title>
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<term><option>--help</option></term>
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<term><option>-h</option></term>
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<term><literal>-h</literal>, <literal>--help</literal></term>
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Show a help message and exit
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<term><option>--interface</option>
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<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
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<term><option>-i</option>
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<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
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<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="interface"/>
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<term><option>--address
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<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></term>
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<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></term>
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<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="address"/>
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<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></term>
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<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></term>
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<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="port"/>
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<term><option>--check</option></term>
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Run the server’s self-tests. This includes any unit
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<term><literal>-i</literal>, <literal>--interface <replaceable>
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IF</replaceable></literal></term>
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Only announce the server and listen to requests on network
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interface <replaceable>IF</replaceable>. Default is to
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use all available interfaces.
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<term><literal>-a</literal>, <literal>--address <replaceable>
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ADDRESS</replaceable></literal></term>
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If this option is used, the server will only listen to a
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specific address. This must currently be an IPv6 address;
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an IPv4 address can be specified using the
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"<literal>::FFFF:192.0.2.3</literal>" syntax. Also, if a
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link-local address is specified, an interface should be
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set, since a link-local address is only valid on a single
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interface. By default, the server will listen to all
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<term><literal>-p</literal>, <literal>--port <replaceable>
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PORT</replaceable></literal></term>
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If this option is used, the server to bind to that
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port. By default, the server will listen to an arbitrary
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port given by the operating system.
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<term><literal>--check</literal></term>
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Run the server's self-tests. This includes any unit
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<term><option>--debug</option></term>
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<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="debug"/>
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<term><option>--debuglevel
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<replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable></option></term>
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Set the debugging log level.
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<replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> is a string, one of
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<quote><literal>CRITICAL</literal></quote>,
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<quote><literal>ERROR</literal></quote>,
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<quote><literal>WARNING</literal></quote>,
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<quote><literal>INFO</literal></quote>, or
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<quote><literal>DEBUG</literal></quote>, in order of
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increasing verbosity. The default level is
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<quote><literal>WARNING</literal></quote>.
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<term><option>--priority <replaceable>
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PRIORITY</replaceable></option></term>
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<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="priority"/>
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<term><option>--servicename
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<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></term>
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<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml"
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xpointer="servicename"/>
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<term><option>--configdir
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<replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></term>
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<term><literal>--debug</literal></term>
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If the server is run in debug mode, it will run in the
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foreground and print a lot of debugging information. The
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default is <emphasis>not</emphasis> to run in debug mode.
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<term><literal>--priority <replaceable>
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PRIORITY</replaceable></literal></term>
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GnuTLS priority string for the TLS handshake with the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnutls_priority_init
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</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for the syntax. The default is
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"<literal>SECURE256:!CTYPE-X.509:+CTYPE-OPENPGP</literal>".
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<emphasis>Warning</emphasis>: changing this may make the
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TLS handshake fail, making communication with clients
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<term><literal>--servicename <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>
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Zeroconf service name. The default is
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"<literal>Mandos</literal>". You only need to change this
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if you for some reason want to run more than one server on
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the same <emphasis>host</emphasis>. If there are name
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collisions on the same <emphasis>network</emphasis>, the
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new server will automatically rename itself to "Mandos
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<term><literal>--configdir <replaceable>DIR</replaceable>
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Directory to search for configuration files. Default is
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<quote><literal>/etc/mandos</literal></quote>. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
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"<literal>/etc/mandos</literal>". See <citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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<term><option>--version</option></term>
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<term><literal>--version</literal></term>
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Prints the program version and exit.
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<term><option>--no-dbus</option></term>
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<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="dbus"/>
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See also <xref linkend="dbus_interface"/>.
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<term><option>--no-ipv6</option></term>
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<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="ipv6"/>
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<refsect1 id="overview">
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<title>OVERVIEW</title>
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<xi:include href="overview.xml"/>
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This program is the server part. It is a normal server program
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and will run in a normal system environment, not in an initial
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<acronym>RAM</acronym> disk environment.
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<refsect1 id="protocol">
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<title>NETWORK PROTOCOL</title>
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The Mandos server announces itself as a Zeroconf service of type
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<quote><literal>_mandos._tcp</literal></quote>. The Mandos
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client connects to the announced address and port, and sends a
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line of text where the first whitespace-separated field is the
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protocol version, which currently is
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<quote><literal>1</literal></quote>. The client and server then
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start a TLS protocol handshake with a slight quirk: the Mandos
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server program acts as a TLS <quote>client</quote> while the
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connecting Mandos client acts as a TLS <quote>server</quote>.
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The Mandos client must supply an OpenPGP certificate, and the
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fingerprint of this certificate is used by the Mandos server to
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look up (in a list read from <filename>clients.conf</filename>
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at start time) which binary blob to give the client. No other
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authentication or authorization is done by the server.
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"<literal>_mandos._tcp</literal>". The Mandos client connects
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to the announced address and port, and sends a line of text
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where the first whitespace-separated field is the protocol
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version, which currently is "<literal>1</literal>". The client
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and server then start a TLS protocol handshake with a slight
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quirk: the Mandos server program acts as a TLS "client" while
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the connecting Mandos client acts as a TLS "server". The Mandos
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client must supply an OpenPGP certificate, and the fingerprint
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of this certificate is used by the Mandos server to look up (in
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a list read from a file at start time) which binary blob to give
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the client. No other authentication or authorization is done by
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<title>Mandos Protocol (Version 1)</title><tgroup cols="3"><thead>
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<informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><thead>
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<entry>Mandos Client</entry>
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<entry>Direction</entry>
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<entry><-<!-- ← --></entry>
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<entry>Binary blob (client will assume OpenPGP data)</entry>
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<entry>Binary blob</entry>
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<entry><-<!-- ← --></entry>
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<entry>Close</entry>
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</tbody></tgroup></table>
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<refsect1 id="checking">
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<title>CHECKING</title>
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The server will, by default, continually check that the clients
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are still up. If a client has not been confirmed as being up
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for some time, the client is assumed to be compromised and is no
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longer eligible to receive the encrypted password. (Manual
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intervention is required to re-enable a client.) The timeout,
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extended timeout, checker program, and interval between checks
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can be configured both globally and per client; see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. A client successfully
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receiving its password will also be treated as a successful
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<refsect1 id="approval">
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<title>APPROVAL</title>
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The server can be configured to require manual approval for a
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client before it is sent its secret. The delay to wait for such
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approval and the default action (approve or deny) can be
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configured both globally and per client; see <citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. By default all clients
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will be approved immediately without delay.
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This can be used to deny a client its secret if not manually
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approved within a specified time. It can also be used to make
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the server delay before giving a client its secret, allowing
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optional manual denying of this specific client.
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</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
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<refsect1 id="logging">
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<title>LOGGING</title>
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The server will send log message with various severity levels to
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<filename>/dev/log</filename>. With the
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The server will log a lot of information with various severity
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. With the
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<option>--debug</option> option, it will log even more messages,
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and also show them on the console.
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<refsect1 id="dbus_interface">
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<title>D-BUS INTERFACE</title>
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The server will by default provide a D-Bus system bus interface.
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This interface will only be accessible by the root user or a
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Mandos-specific user, if such a user exists. For documentation
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of the D-Bus API, see the file <filename>DBUS-API</filename>.
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<refsect1 id="exit_status">
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<title>EXIT STATUS</title>
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critical error is encountered.
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<refsect1 id="environment">
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<title>ENVIRONMENT</title>
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<term><envar>PATH</envar></term>
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To start the configured checker (see <xref
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linkend="checking"/>), the server uses
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<filename>/bin/sh</filename>, which in turn uses
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<varname>PATH</varname> to search for matching commands if
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an absolute path is not given. See <citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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<refsect1 id="files">
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<title>FILES</title>
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Use the <option>--configdir</option> option to change where
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> looks for its configurations
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files. The default file names are listed here.
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<filename>/etc/mandos/mandos.conf</filename> See <citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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<filename>/etc/mandos/clients.conf</filename> See <citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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<filename>/var/run/mandos/mandos.pid</filename>
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<term><filename>/etc/mandos/mandos.conf</filename></term>
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Server-global settings. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
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<term><filename>/etc/mandos/clients.conf</filename></term>
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List of clients and client-specific settings. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
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<term><filename>/var/run/mandos.pid</filename></term>
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The file containing the process id of the
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> process started last.
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<term><filename>/dev/log</filename></term>
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The Unix domain socket to where local syslog messages are
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<term><filename>/bin/sh</filename></term>
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This is used to start the configured checker command for
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each client. See <citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
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<refsect1 id="bugs">
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<title>BUGS</title>
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This server might, on especially fatal errors, emit a Python
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backtrace. This could be considered a feature.
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Currently, if a client is disabled due to having timed out, the
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server does not record this fact onto permanent storage. This
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has some security implications, see <xref linkend="clients"/>.
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There is no fine-grained control over logging and debug output.
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Debug mode is conflated with running in the foreground.
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The console log messages do not show a time stamp.
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This server does not check the expire time of clients’ OpenPGP
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<refsect1 id="example">
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<title>EXAMPLE</title>
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Normal invocation needs no options:
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<userinput>&COMMANDNAME;</userinput>
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Run the server in debug mode, read configuration files from
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the <filename>~/mandos</filename> directory, and use the
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Zeroconf service name <quote>Test</quote> to not collide with
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any other official Mandos server on this host:
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<!-- do not wrap this line -->
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<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --debug --configdir ~/mandos --servicename Test</userinput>
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Run the server normally, but only listen to one interface and
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only on the link-local address on that interface:
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<!-- do not wrap this line -->
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<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --interface eth7 --address fe80::aede:48ff:fe71:f6f2</userinput>
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<refsect1 id="examples">
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<title>EXAMPLES</title>
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<refsect1 id="security">
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<title>SECURITY</title>
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<refsect2 id="server">
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<title>SERVER</title>
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Running this <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> server program
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should not in itself present any security risk to the host
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computer running it. The program switches to a non-root user
569
<refsect2 id="clients">
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<title>CLIENTS</title>
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The server only gives out its stored data to clients which
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does have the OpenPGP key of the stored fingerprint. This is
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guaranteed by the fact that the client sends its OpenPGP
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public key in the TLS handshake; this ensures it to be
576
genuine. The server computes the fingerprint of the key
577
itself and looks up the fingerprint in its list of
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clients. The <filename>clients.conf</filename> file (see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
581
<emphasis>must</emphasis> be made non-readable by anyone
582
except the user starting the server (usually root).
585
As detailed in <xref linkend="checking"/>, the status of all
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client computers will continually be checked and be assumed
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compromised if they are gone for too long.
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If a client is compromised, its downtime should be duly noted
591
by the server which would therefore disable the client. But
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if the server was ever restarted, it would re-read its client
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list from its configuration file and again regard all clients
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therein as enabled, and hence eligible to receive their
595
passwords. Therefore, be careful when restarting servers if
596
it is suspected that a client has, in fact, been compromised
597
by parties who may now be running a fake Mandos client with
598
the keys from the non-encrypted initial <acronym>RAM</acronym>
599
image of the client host. What should be done in that case
600
(if restarting the server program really is necessary) is to
601
stop the server program, edit the configuration file to omit
602
any suspect clients, and restart the server program.
605
For more details on client-side security, see
606
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-client</refentrytitle>
607
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
612
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<refsect1 id="see_also">
613
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<title>SEE ALSO</title>
615
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>intro</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-client</refentrytitle>
622
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
623
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle>
624
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
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Zeroconf is the network protocol standard used by clients
634
for finding this Mandos server on the local network.
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<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
644
Avahi is the library this server calls to implement
645
Zeroconf service announcements.
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<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/"
656
GnuTLS is the library this server uses to implement TLS for
657
communicating securely with the client, and at the same time
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confidently get the client’s public OpenPGP key.
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RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
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Architecture</citetitle>
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<term>Section 2.2: <citetitle>Text Representation of
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Addresses</citetitle></term>
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<listitem><para/></listitem>
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<term>Section 2.5.5.2: <citetitle>IPv4-Mapped IPv6
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Address</citetitle></term>
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<listitem><para/></listitem>
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<term>Section 2.5.6, <citetitle>Link-Local IPv6 Unicast
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Addresses</citetitle></term>
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The clients use IPv6 link-local addresses, which are
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immediately usable since a link-local addresses is
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automatically assigned to a network interfaces when it
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RFC 4346: <citetitle>The Transport Layer Security (TLS)
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Protocol Version 1.1</citetitle>
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TLS 1.1 is the protocol implemented by GnuTLS.
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RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message Format</citetitle>
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The data sent to clients is binary encrypted OpenPGP data.
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RFC 5081: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport Layer
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This is implemented by GnuTLS and used by this server so
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that OpenPGP keys can be used.
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<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>password-request</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
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<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
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url="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</ulink>
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<citation>RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message
418
Format</citetitle></citation>
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<citation>RFC 5081: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for
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Transport Layer Security</citetitle></citation>
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<citation>RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
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Architecture</citetitle>, section 2.5.6, Link-Local IPv6
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Unicast Addresses</citation>
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