/mandos/trunk

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  • Committer: Björn Påhlsson
  • Date: 2011-11-11 14:14:24 UTC
  • mto: (518.2.5 persistent-state-gpgme)
  • mto: This revision was merged to the branch mainline in revision 524.
  • Revision ID: belorn@fukt.bsnet.se-20111111141424-405blpt3kwrla6lw
new signal: NewRequest(IP_address)
            Sent when a client ask for its password

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added added

removed removed

Lines of Context:
63
63
import cPickle as pickle
64
64
import multiprocessing
65
65
import types
66
 
import binascii
67
 
import tempfile
 
66
import hashlib
68
67
 
69
68
import dbus
70
69
import dbus.service
75
74
import ctypes.util
76
75
import xml.dom.minidom
77
76
import inspect
78
 
import GnuPGInterface
 
77
import Crypto.Cipher.AES
79
78
 
80
79
try:
81
80
    SO_BINDTODEVICE = socket.SO_BINDTODEVICE
85
84
    except ImportError:
86
85
        SO_BINDTODEVICE = None
87
86
 
 
87
 
88
88
version = "1.4.1"
89
 
stored_state_file = "clients.pickle"
90
89
 
91
90
logger = logging.getLogger()
 
91
stored_state_path = "/var/lib/mandos/clients.pickle"
 
92
 
92
93
syslogger = (logging.handlers.SysLogHandler
93
94
             (facility = logging.handlers.SysLogHandler.LOG_DAEMON,
94
95
              address = str("/dev/log")))
95
 
 
96
 
try:
97
 
    if_nametoindex = (ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary
98
 
                      (ctypes.util.find_library("c"))
99
 
                      .if_nametoindex)
100
 
except (OSError, AttributeError):
101
 
    def if_nametoindex(interface):
102
 
        "Get an interface index the hard way, i.e. using fcntl()"
103
 
        SIOCGIFINDEX = 0x8933  # From /usr/include/linux/sockios.h
104
 
        with contextlib.closing(socket.socket()) as s:
105
 
            ifreq = fcntl.ioctl(s, SIOCGIFINDEX,
106
 
                                struct.pack(str("16s16x"),
107
 
                                            interface))
108
 
        interface_index = struct.unpack(str("I"),
109
 
                                        ifreq[16:20])[0]
110
 
        return interface_index
111
 
 
112
 
 
113
 
def initlogger(debug, level=logging.WARNING):
114
 
    """init logger and add loglevel"""
115
 
    
116
 
    syslogger.setFormatter(logging.Formatter
117
 
                           ('Mandos [%(process)d]: %(levelname)s:'
118
 
                            ' %(message)s'))
119
 
    logger.addHandler(syslogger)
120
 
    
121
 
    if debug:
122
 
        console = logging.StreamHandler()
123
 
        console.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(name)s'
124
 
                                               ' [%(process)d]:'
125
 
                                               ' %(levelname)s:'
126
 
                                               ' %(message)s'))
127
 
        logger.addHandler(console)
128
 
    logger.setLevel(level)
129
 
 
130
 
 
131
 
class PGPError(Exception):
132
 
    """Exception if encryption/decryption fails"""
133
 
    pass
134
 
 
135
 
 
136
 
class PGPEngine(object):
137
 
    """A simple class for OpenPGP symmetric encryption & decryption"""
138
 
    def __init__(self):
139
 
        self.gnupg = GnuPGInterface.GnuPG()
140
 
        self.tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="mandos-")
141
 
        self.gnupg = GnuPGInterface.GnuPG()
142
 
        self.gnupg.options.meta_interactive = False
143
 
        self.gnupg.options.homedir = self.tempdir
144
 
        self.gnupg.options.extra_args.extend(['--force-mdc',
145
 
                                              '--quiet'])
146
 
    
147
 
    def __enter__(self):
148
 
        return self
149
 
    
150
 
    def __exit__ (self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
151
 
        self._cleanup()
152
 
        return False
153
 
    
154
 
    def __del__(self):
155
 
        self._cleanup()
156
 
    
157
 
    def _cleanup(self):
158
 
        if self.tempdir is not None:
159
 
            # Delete contents of tempdir
160
 
            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.tempdir,
161
 
                                             topdown = False):
162
 
                for filename in files:
163
 
                    os.remove(os.path.join(root, filename))
164
 
                for dirname in dirs:
165
 
                    os.rmdir(os.path.join(root, dirname))
166
 
            # Remove tempdir
167
 
            os.rmdir(self.tempdir)
168
 
            self.tempdir = None
169
 
    
170
 
    def password_encode(self, password):
171
 
        # Passphrase can not be empty and can not contain newlines or
172
 
        # NUL bytes.  So we prefix it and hex encode it.
173
 
        return b"mandos" + binascii.hexlify(password)
174
 
    
175
 
    def encrypt(self, data, password):
176
 
        self.gnupg.passphrase = self.password_encode(password)
177
 
        with open(os.devnull) as devnull:
178
 
            try:
179
 
                proc = self.gnupg.run(['--symmetric'],
180
 
                                      create_fhs=['stdin', 'stdout'],
181
 
                                      attach_fhs={'stderr': devnull})
182
 
                with contextlib.closing(proc.handles['stdin']) as f:
183
 
                    f.write(data)
184
 
                with contextlib.closing(proc.handles['stdout']) as f:
185
 
                    ciphertext = f.read()
186
 
                proc.wait()
187
 
            except IOError as e:
188
 
                raise PGPError(e)
189
 
        self.gnupg.passphrase = None
190
 
        return ciphertext
191
 
    
192
 
    def decrypt(self, data, password):
193
 
        self.gnupg.passphrase = self.password_encode(password)
194
 
        with open(os.devnull) as devnull:
195
 
            try:
196
 
                proc = self.gnupg.run(['--decrypt'],
197
 
                                      create_fhs=['stdin', 'stdout'],
198
 
                                      attach_fhs={'stderr': devnull})
199
 
                with contextlib.closing(proc.handles['stdin'] ) as f:
200
 
                    f.write(data)
201
 
                with contextlib.closing(proc.handles['stdout']) as f:
202
 
                    decrypted_plaintext = f.read()
203
 
                proc.wait()
204
 
            except IOError as e:
205
 
                raise PGPError(e)
206
 
        self.gnupg.passphrase = None
207
 
        return decrypted_plaintext
208
 
 
 
96
syslogger.setFormatter(logging.Formatter
 
97
                       ('Mandos [%(process)d]: %(levelname)s:'
 
98
                        ' %(message)s'))
 
99
logger.addHandler(syslogger)
 
100
 
 
101
console = logging.StreamHandler()
 
102
console.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(name)s'
 
103
                                       ' [%(process)d]:'
 
104
                                       ' %(levelname)s:'
 
105
                                       ' %(message)s'))
 
106
logger.addHandler(console)
209
107
 
210
108
 
211
109
class AvahiError(Exception):
328
226
            try:
329
227
                self.group.Free()
330
228
            except (dbus.exceptions.UnknownMethodException,
331
 
                    dbus.exceptions.DBusException):
 
229
                    dbus.exceptions.DBusException) as e:
332
230
                pass
333
231
            self.group = None
334
232
        self.remove()
378
276
                                % self.name))
379
277
        return ret
380
278
 
381
 
def timedelta_to_milliseconds(td):
 
279
def _timedelta_to_milliseconds(td):
382
280
    "Convert a datetime.timedelta() to milliseconds"
383
281
    return ((td.days * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)
384
282
            + (td.seconds * 1000)
388
286
    """A representation of a client host served by this server.
389
287
    
390
288
    Attributes:
391
 
    approved:   bool(); 'None' if not yet approved/disapproved
 
289
    _approved:   bool(); 'None' if not yet approved/disapproved
392
290
    approval_delay: datetime.timedelta(); Time to wait for approval
393
291
    approval_duration: datetime.timedelta(); Duration of one approval
394
292
    checker:    subprocess.Popen(); a running checker process used
412
310
    interval:   datetime.timedelta(); How often to start a new checker
413
311
    last_approval_request: datetime.datetime(); (UTC) or None
414
312
    last_checked_ok: datetime.datetime(); (UTC) or None
415
 
    last_checker_status: integer between 0 and 255 reflecting exit
416
 
                         status of last checker. -1 reflects crashed
417
 
                         checker, or None.
418
 
    last_enabled: datetime.datetime(); (UTC) or None
 
313
    last_checker_status: integer between 0 and 255 reflecting exit status
 
314
                         of last checker. -1 reflect crashed checker,
 
315
                         or None.
 
316
    last_enabled: datetime.datetime(); (UTC)
419
317
    name:       string; from the config file, used in log messages and
420
318
                        D-Bus identifiers
421
319
    secret:     bytestring; sent verbatim (over TLS) to client
431
329
                          "created", "enabled", "fingerprint",
432
330
                          "host", "interval", "last_checked_ok",
433
331
                          "last_enabled", "name", "timeout")
434
 
    client_defaults = { "timeout": "5m",
435
 
                        "extended_timeout": "15m",
436
 
                        "interval": "2m",
437
 
                        "checker": "fping -q -- %%(host)s",
438
 
                        "host": "",
439
 
                        "approval_delay": "0s",
440
 
                        "approval_duration": "1s",
441
 
                        "approved_by_default": "True",
442
 
                        "enabled": "True",
443
 
                        }
444
332
    
445
333
    def timeout_milliseconds(self):
446
334
        "Return the 'timeout' attribute in milliseconds"
447
 
        return timedelta_to_milliseconds(self.timeout)
 
335
        return _timedelta_to_milliseconds(self.timeout)
448
336
    
449
337
    def extended_timeout_milliseconds(self):
450
338
        "Return the 'extended_timeout' attribute in milliseconds"
451
 
        return timedelta_to_milliseconds(self.extended_timeout)
 
339
        return _timedelta_to_milliseconds(self.extended_timeout)
452
340
    
453
341
    def interval_milliseconds(self):
454
342
        "Return the 'interval' attribute in milliseconds"
455
 
        return timedelta_to_milliseconds(self.interval)
 
343
        return _timedelta_to_milliseconds(self.interval)
456
344
    
457
345
    def approval_delay_milliseconds(self):
458
 
        return timedelta_to_milliseconds(self.approval_delay)
459
 
 
460
 
    @staticmethod
461
 
    def config_parser(config):
462
 
        """ Construct a new dict of client settings of this form:
463
 
        { client_name: {setting_name: value, ...}, ...}
464
 
        with exceptions for any special settings as defined above"""
465
 
        settings = {}
466
 
        for client_name in config.sections():
467
 
            section = dict(config.items(client_name))
468
 
            client = settings[client_name] = {}
469
 
            
470
 
            client["host"] = section["host"]
471
 
            # Reformat values from string types to Python types
472
 
            client["approved_by_default"] = config.getboolean(
473
 
                client_name, "approved_by_default")
474
 
            client["enabled"] = config.getboolean(client_name, "enabled")
475
 
            
476
 
            client["fingerprint"] = (section["fingerprint"].upper()
477
 
                                     .replace(" ", ""))
478
 
            if "secret" in section:
479
 
                client["secret"] = section["secret"].decode("base64")
480
 
            elif "secfile" in section:
481
 
                with open(os.path.expanduser(os.path.expandvars
482
 
                                             (section["secfile"])),
483
 
                          "rb") as secfile:
484
 
                    client["secret"] = secfile.read()
485
 
            else:
486
 
                raise TypeError("No secret or secfile for section %s"
487
 
                                % section)
488
 
            client["timeout"] = string_to_delta(section["timeout"])
489
 
            client["extended_timeout"] = string_to_delta(
490
 
                section["extended_timeout"])
491
 
            client["interval"] = string_to_delta(section["interval"])
492
 
            client["approval_delay"] = string_to_delta(
493
 
                section["approval_delay"])
494
 
            client["approval_duration"] = string_to_delta(
495
 
                section["approval_duration"])
496
 
            client["checker_command"] = section["checker"]
497
 
            client["last_approval_request"] = None
498
 
            client["last_checked_ok"] = None
499
 
            client["last_checker_status"] = None
500
 
            if client["enabled"]:
501
 
                client["last_enabled"] = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
502
 
                client["expires"] = (datetime.datetime.utcnow()
503
 
                                     + client["timeout"])
504
 
            else:
505
 
                client["last_enabled"] = None
506
 
                client["expires"] = None
507
 
 
508
 
        return settings
509
 
        
510
 
        
511
 
    def __init__(self, settings, name = None):
 
346
        return _timedelta_to_milliseconds(self.approval_delay)
 
347
    
 
348
    def __init__(self, name = None, config=None):
512
349
        """Note: the 'checker' key in 'config' sets the
513
350
        'checker_command' attribute and *not* the 'checker'
514
351
        attribute."""
515
352
        self.name = name
516
 
        # adding all client settings
517
 
        for setting, value in settings.iteritems():
518
 
            setattr(self, setting, value)
519
 
        
 
353
        if config is None:
 
354
            config = {}
520
355
        logger.debug("Creating client %r", self.name)
521
356
        # Uppercase and remove spaces from fingerprint for later
522
357
        # comparison purposes with return value from the fingerprint()
523
358
        # function
 
359
        self.fingerprint = (config["fingerprint"].upper()
 
360
                            .replace(" ", ""))
524
361
        logger.debug("  Fingerprint: %s", self.fingerprint)
525
 
        self.created = settings.get("created", datetime.datetime.utcnow())
526
 
 
527
 
        # attributes specific for this server instance
 
362
        if "secret" in config:
 
363
            self.secret = config["secret"].decode("base64")
 
364
        elif "secfile" in config:
 
365
            with open(os.path.expanduser(os.path.expandvars
 
366
                                         (config["secfile"])),
 
367
                      "rb") as secfile:
 
368
                self.secret = secfile.read()
 
369
        else:
 
370
            raise TypeError("No secret or secfile for client %s"
 
371
                            % self.name)
 
372
        self.host = config.get("host", "")
 
373
        self.created = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
 
374
        self.enabled = True
 
375
        self.last_approval_request = None
 
376
        self.last_enabled = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
 
377
        self.last_checked_ok = None
 
378
        self.last_checker_status = None
 
379
        self.timeout = string_to_delta(config["timeout"])
 
380
        self.extended_timeout = string_to_delta(config
 
381
                                                ["extended_timeout"])
 
382
        self.interval = string_to_delta(config["interval"])
528
383
        self.checker = None
529
384
        self.checker_initiator_tag = None
530
385
        self.disable_initiator_tag = None
 
386
        self.expires = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + self.timeout
531
387
        self.checker_callback_tag = None
 
388
        self.checker_command = config["checker"]
532
389
        self.current_checker_command = None
533
 
        self.approved = None
 
390
        self._approved = None
 
391
        self.approved_by_default = config.get("approved_by_default",
 
392
                                              True)
534
393
        self.approvals_pending = 0
 
394
        self.approval_delay = string_to_delta(
 
395
            config["approval_delay"])
 
396
        self.approval_duration = string_to_delta(
 
397
            config["approval_duration"])
535
398
        self.changedstate = (multiprocessing_manager
536
399
                             .Condition(multiprocessing_manager
537
400
                                        .Lock()))
538
 
        self.client_structure = [attr for attr in
539
 
                                 self.__dict__.iterkeys()
540
 
                                 if not attr.startswith("_")]
 
401
        self.client_structure = [attr for attr in self.__dict__.iterkeys() if not attr.startswith("_")]
541
402
        self.client_structure.append("client_structure")
542
 
        
 
403
 
 
404
 
543
405
        for name, t in inspect.getmembers(type(self),
544
 
                                          lambda obj:
545
 
                                              isinstance(obj,
546
 
                                                         property)):
 
406
                                          lambda obj: isinstance(obj, property)):
547
407
            if not name.startswith("_"):
548
408
                self.client_structure.append(name)
549
409
    
585
445
    
586
446
    def __del__(self):
587
447
        self.disable()
588
 
    
 
448
 
589
449
    def init_checker(self):
590
450
        # Schedule a new checker to be started an 'interval' from now,
591
451
        # and every interval from then on.
598
458
                                    self.disable))
599
459
        # Also start a new checker *right now*.
600
460
        self.start_checker()
601
 
    
 
461
 
 
462
        
602
463
    def checker_callback(self, pid, condition, command):
603
464
        """The checker has completed, so take appropriate actions."""
604
465
        self.checker_callback_tag = None
605
466
        self.checker = None
606
467
        if os.WIFEXITED(condition):
607
 
            self.last_checker_status = os.WEXITSTATUS(condition)
 
468
            self.last_checker_status =  os.WEXITSTATUS(condition)
608
469
            if self.last_checker_status == 0:
609
470
                logger.info("Checker for %(name)s succeeded",
610
471
                            vars(self))
630
491
            gobject.source_remove(self.disable_initiator_tag)
631
492
        if getattr(self, "enabled", False):
632
493
            self.disable_initiator_tag = (gobject.timeout_add
633
 
                                          (timedelta_to_milliseconds
 
494
                                          (_timedelta_to_milliseconds
634
495
                                           (timeout), self.disable))
635
496
            self.expires = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + timeout
636
497
    
730
591
                raise
731
592
        self.checker = None
732
593
 
 
594
    # Encrypts a client secret and stores it in a varible encrypted_secret
 
595
    def encrypt_secret(self, key):
 
596
        # Encryption-key need to be of a specific size, so we hash inputed key
 
597
        hasheng = hashlib.sha256()
 
598
        hasheng.update(key)
 
599
        encryptionkey = hasheng.digest()
 
600
 
 
601
        # Create validation hash so we know at decryption if it was sucessful
 
602
        hasheng = hashlib.sha256()
 
603
        hasheng.update(self.secret)
 
604
        validationhash = hasheng.digest()
 
605
 
 
606
        # Encrypt secret
 
607
        iv = os.urandom(Crypto.Cipher.AES.block_size)
 
608
        ciphereng = Crypto.Cipher.AES.new(encryptionkey,
 
609
                                        Crypto.Cipher.AES.MODE_CFB, iv)
 
610
        ciphertext = ciphereng.encrypt(validationhash+self.secret)
 
611
        self.encrypted_secret = (ciphertext, iv)
 
612
 
 
613
    # Decrypt a encrypted client secret
 
614
    def decrypt_secret(self, key):
 
615
        # Decryption-key need to be of a specific size, so we hash inputed key
 
616
        hasheng = hashlib.sha256()
 
617
        hasheng.update(key)
 
618
        encryptionkey = hasheng.digest()
 
619
 
 
620
        # Decrypt encrypted secret
 
621
        ciphertext, iv = self.encrypted_secret
 
622
        ciphereng = Crypto.Cipher.AES.new(encryptionkey,
 
623
                                        Crypto.Cipher.AES.MODE_CFB, iv)
 
624
        plain = ciphereng.decrypt(ciphertext)
 
625
 
 
626
        # Validate decrypted secret to know if it was succesful
 
627
        hasheng = hashlib.sha256()
 
628
        validationhash = plain[:hasheng.digest_size]
 
629
        secret = plain[hasheng.digest_size:]
 
630
        hasheng.update(secret)
 
631
 
 
632
        # if validation fails, we use key as new secret. Otherwhise, we use
 
633
        # the decrypted secret
 
634
        if hasheng.digest() == validationhash:
 
635
            self.secret = secret
 
636
        else:
 
637
            self.secret = key
 
638
        del self.encrypted_secret
 
639
 
733
640
 
734
641
def dbus_service_property(dbus_interface, signature="v",
735
642
                          access="readwrite", byte_arrays=False):
853
760
        
854
761
        Note: Will not include properties with access="write".
855
762
        """
856
 
        properties = {}
 
763
        all = {}
857
764
        for name, prop in self._get_all_dbus_properties():
858
765
            if (interface_name
859
766
                and interface_name != prop._dbus_interface):
864
771
                continue
865
772
            value = prop()
866
773
            if not hasattr(value, "variant_level"):
867
 
                properties[name] = value
 
774
                all[name] = value
868
775
                continue
869
 
            properties[name] = type(value)(value, variant_level=
870
 
                                           value.variant_level+1)
871
 
        return dbus.Dictionary(properties, signature="sv")
 
776
            all[name] = type(value)(value, variant_level=
 
777
                                    value.variant_level+1)
 
778
        return dbus.Dictionary(all, signature="sv")
872
779
    
873
780
    @dbus.service.method(dbus.INTROSPECTABLE_IFACE,
874
781
                         out_signature="s",
925
832
    return dbus.String(dt.isoformat(),
926
833
                       variant_level=variant_level)
927
834
 
928
 
 
929
835
class AlternateDBusNamesMetaclass(DBusObjectWithProperties
930
836
                                  .__metaclass__):
931
837
    """Applied to an empty subclass of a D-Bus object, this metaclass
1023
929
                                        attribute.func_closure)))
1024
930
        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, attr)
1025
931
 
1026
 
 
1027
932
class ClientDBus(Client, DBusObjectWithProperties):
1028
933
    """A Client class using D-Bus
1029
934
    
1040
945
    def __init__(self, bus = None, *args, **kwargs):
1041
946
        self.bus = bus
1042
947
        Client.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
1043
 
        self._approvals_pending = 0
1044
 
        
 
948
 
1045
949
        self._approvals_pending = 0
1046
950
        # Only now, when this client is initialized, can it show up on
1047
951
        # the D-Bus
1058
962
                             variant_level=1):
1059
963
        """ Modify a variable so that it's a property which announces
1060
964
        its changes to DBus.
1061
 
        
 
965
 
1062
966
        transform_fun: Function that takes a value and a variant_level
1063
967
                       and transforms it to a D-Bus type.
1064
968
        dbus_name: D-Bus name of the variable
1098
1002
        datetime_to_dbus, "LastApprovalRequest")
1099
1003
    approved_by_default = notifychangeproperty(dbus.Boolean,
1100
1004
                                               "ApprovedByDefault")
1101
 
    approval_delay = notifychangeproperty(dbus.UInt64,
 
1005
    approval_delay = notifychangeproperty(dbus.UInt16,
1102
1006
                                          "ApprovalDelay",
1103
1007
                                          type_func =
1104
 
                                          timedelta_to_milliseconds)
 
1008
                                          _timedelta_to_milliseconds)
1105
1009
    approval_duration = notifychangeproperty(
1106
 
        dbus.UInt64, "ApprovalDuration",
1107
 
        type_func = timedelta_to_milliseconds)
 
1010
        dbus.UInt16, "ApprovalDuration",
 
1011
        type_func = _timedelta_to_milliseconds)
1108
1012
    host = notifychangeproperty(dbus.String, "Host")
1109
 
    timeout = notifychangeproperty(dbus.UInt64, "Timeout",
 
1013
    timeout = notifychangeproperty(dbus.UInt16, "Timeout",
1110
1014
                                   type_func =
1111
 
                                   timedelta_to_milliseconds)
 
1015
                                   _timedelta_to_milliseconds)
1112
1016
    extended_timeout = notifychangeproperty(
1113
 
        dbus.UInt64, "ExtendedTimeout",
1114
 
        type_func = timedelta_to_milliseconds)
1115
 
    interval = notifychangeproperty(dbus.UInt64,
 
1017
        dbus.UInt16, "ExtendedTimeout",
 
1018
        type_func = _timedelta_to_milliseconds)
 
1019
    interval = notifychangeproperty(dbus.UInt16,
1116
1020
                                    "Interval",
1117
1021
                                    type_func =
1118
 
                                    timedelta_to_milliseconds)
 
1022
                                    _timedelta_to_milliseconds)
1119
1023
    checker_command = notifychangeproperty(dbus.String, "Checker")
1120
1024
    
1121
1025
    del notifychangeproperty
1163
1067
        return r
1164
1068
    
1165
1069
    def _reset_approved(self):
1166
 
        self.approved = None
 
1070
        self._approved = None
1167
1071
        return False
1168
1072
    
1169
1073
    def approve(self, value=True):
1170
1074
        self.send_changedstate()
1171
 
        self.approved = value
1172
 
        gobject.timeout_add(timedelta_to_milliseconds
 
1075
        self._approved = value
 
1076
        gobject.timeout_add(_timedelta_to_milliseconds
1173
1077
                            (self.approval_duration),
1174
1078
                            self._reset_approved)
1175
1079
    
1225
1129
        Is sent after a client request a password.
1226
1130
        """
1227
1131
        pass
1228
 
    
 
1132
 
1229
1133
    ## Methods
1230
1134
    
1231
1135
    # Approve - method
1289
1193
                           access="readwrite")
1290
1194
    def ApprovalDuration_dbus_property(self, value=None):
1291
1195
        if value is None:       # get
1292
 
            return dbus.UInt64(timedelta_to_milliseconds(
 
1196
            return dbus.UInt64(_timedelta_to_milliseconds(
1293
1197
                    self.approval_duration))
1294
1198
        self.approval_duration = datetime.timedelta(0, 0, 0, value)
1295
1199
    
1309
1213
    def Host_dbus_property(self, value=None):
1310
1214
        if value is None:       # get
1311
1215
            return dbus.String(self.host)
1312
 
        self.host = unicode(value)
 
1216
        self.host = value
1313
1217
    
1314
1218
    # Created - property
1315
1219
    @dbus_service_property(_interface, signature="s", access="read")
1316
1220
    def Created_dbus_property(self):
1317
 
        return datetime_to_dbus(self.created)
 
1221
        return dbus.String(datetime_to_dbus(self.created))
1318
1222
    
1319
1223
    # LastEnabled - property
1320
1224
    @dbus_service_property(_interface, signature="s", access="read")
1364
1268
        gobject.source_remove(self.disable_initiator_tag)
1365
1269
        self.disable_initiator_tag = None
1366
1270
        self.expires = None
1367
 
        time_to_die = timedelta_to_milliseconds((self
1368
 
                                                 .last_checked_ok
1369
 
                                                 + self.timeout)
1370
 
                                                - datetime.datetime
1371
 
                                                .utcnow())
 
1271
        time_to_die = _timedelta_to_milliseconds((self
 
1272
                                                  .last_checked_ok
 
1273
                                                  + self.timeout)
 
1274
                                                 - datetime.datetime
 
1275
                                                 .utcnow())
1372
1276
        if time_to_die <= 0:
1373
1277
            # The timeout has passed
1374
1278
            self.disable()
1396
1300
        self.interval = datetime.timedelta(0, 0, 0, value)
1397
1301
        if getattr(self, "checker_initiator_tag", None) is None:
1398
1302
            return
1399
 
        if self.enabled:
1400
 
            # Reschedule checker run
1401
 
            gobject.source_remove(self.checker_initiator_tag)
1402
 
            self.checker_initiator_tag = (gobject.timeout_add
1403
 
                                          (value, self.start_checker))
1404
 
            self.start_checker()    # Start one now, too
 
1303
        # Reschedule checker run
 
1304
        gobject.source_remove(self.checker_initiator_tag)
 
1305
        self.checker_initiator_tag = (gobject.timeout_add
 
1306
                                      (value, self.start_checker))
 
1307
        self.start_checker()    # Start one now, too
1405
1308
    
1406
1309
    # Checker - property
1407
1310
    @dbus_service_property(_interface, signature="s",
1409
1312
    def Checker_dbus_property(self, value=None):
1410
1313
        if value is None:       # get
1411
1314
            return dbus.String(self.checker_command)
1412
 
        self.checker_command = unicode(value)
 
1315
        self.checker_command = value
1413
1316
    
1414
1317
    # CheckerRunning - property
1415
1318
    @dbus_service_property(_interface, signature="b",
1444
1347
            raise KeyError()
1445
1348
    
1446
1349
    def __getattribute__(self, name):
1447
 
        if name == '_pipe':
 
1350
        if(name == '_pipe'):
1448
1351
            return super(ProxyClient, self).__getattribute__(name)
1449
1352
        self._pipe.send(('getattr', name))
1450
1353
        data = self._pipe.recv()
1457
1360
            return func
1458
1361
    
1459
1362
    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
1460
 
        if name == '_pipe':
 
1363
        if(name == '_pipe'):
1461
1364
            return super(ProxyClient, self).__setattr__(name, value)
1462
1365
        self._pipe.send(('setattr', name, value))
1463
1366
 
1464
 
 
1465
1367
class ClientDBusTransitional(ClientDBus):
1466
1368
    __metaclass__ = AlternateDBusNamesMetaclass
1467
1369
 
1468
 
 
1469
1370
class ClientHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler, object):
1470
1371
    """A class to handle client connections.
1471
1372
    
1532
1433
                    logger.warning("Bad certificate: %s", error)
1533
1434
                    return
1534
1435
                logger.debug("Fingerprint: %s", fpr)
 
1436
                if self.server.use_dbus:
 
1437
                    # Emit D-Bus signal
 
1438
                    client.NewRequest(str(self.client_address))
1535
1439
                
1536
1440
                try:
1537
1441
                    client = ProxyClient(child_pipe, fpr,
1539
1443
                except KeyError:
1540
1444
                    return
1541
1445
                
1542
 
                if self.server.use_dbus:
1543
 
                    # Emit D-Bus signal
1544
 
                    client.NewRequest(str(self.client_address))
1545
 
                
1546
1446
                if client.approval_delay:
1547
1447
                    delay = client.approval_delay
1548
1448
                    client.approvals_pending += 1
1557
1457
                            client.Rejected("Disabled")
1558
1458
                        return
1559
1459
                    
1560
 
                    if client.approved or not client.approval_delay:
 
1460
                    if client._approved or not client.approval_delay:
1561
1461
                        #We are approved or approval is disabled
1562
1462
                        break
1563
 
                    elif client.approved is None:
 
1463
                    elif client._approved is None:
1564
1464
                        logger.info("Client %s needs approval",
1565
1465
                                    client.name)
1566
1466
                        if self.server.use_dbus:
1580
1480
                    time = datetime.datetime.now()
1581
1481
                    client.changedstate.acquire()
1582
1482
                    (client.changedstate.wait
1583
 
                     (float(client.timedelta_to_milliseconds(delay)
 
1483
                     (float(client._timedelta_to_milliseconds(delay)
1584
1484
                            / 1000)))
1585
1485
                    client.changedstate.release()
1586
1486
                    time2 = datetime.datetime.now()
1685
1585
        # Convert the buffer to a Python bytestring
1686
1586
        fpr = ctypes.string_at(buf, buf_len.value)
1687
1587
        # Convert the bytestring to hexadecimal notation
1688
 
        hex_fpr = binascii.hexlify(fpr).upper()
 
1588
        hex_fpr = ''.join("%02X" % ord(char) for char in fpr)
1689
1589
        return hex_fpr
1690
1590
 
1691
1591
 
1694
1594
    def sub_process_main(self, request, address):
1695
1595
        try:
1696
1596
            self.finish_request(request, address)
1697
 
        except Exception:
 
1597
        except:
1698
1598
            self.handle_error(request, address)
1699
1599
        self.close_request(request)
1700
1600
    
1948
1848
    return timevalue
1949
1849
 
1950
1850
 
 
1851
def if_nametoindex(interface):
 
1852
    """Call the C function if_nametoindex(), or equivalent
 
1853
    
 
1854
    Note: This function cannot accept a unicode string."""
 
1855
    global if_nametoindex
 
1856
    try:
 
1857
        if_nametoindex = (ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary
 
1858
                          (ctypes.util.find_library("c"))
 
1859
                          .if_nametoindex)
 
1860
    except (OSError, AttributeError):
 
1861
        logger.warning("Doing if_nametoindex the hard way")
 
1862
        def if_nametoindex(interface):
 
1863
            "Get an interface index the hard way, i.e. using fcntl()"
 
1864
            SIOCGIFINDEX = 0x8933  # From /usr/include/linux/sockios.h
 
1865
            with contextlib.closing(socket.socket()) as s:
 
1866
                ifreq = fcntl.ioctl(s, SIOCGIFINDEX,
 
1867
                                    struct.pack(str("16s16x"),
 
1868
                                                interface))
 
1869
            interface_index = struct.unpack(str("I"),
 
1870
                                            ifreq[16:20])[0]
 
1871
            return interface_index
 
1872
    return if_nametoindex(interface)
 
1873
 
 
1874
 
1951
1875
def daemon(nochdir = False, noclose = False):
1952
1876
    """See daemon(3).  Standard BSD Unix function.
1953
1877
    
2009
1933
    parser.add_argument("--no-ipv6", action="store_false",
2010
1934
                        dest="use_ipv6", help="Do not use IPv6")
2011
1935
    parser.add_argument("--no-restore", action="store_false",
2012
 
                        dest="restore", help="Do not restore stored"
2013
 
                        " state")
2014
 
    parser.add_argument("--statedir", metavar="DIR",
2015
 
                        help="Directory to save/restore state in")
2016
 
    
 
1936
                        dest="restore", help="Do not restore stored state",
 
1937
                        default=True)
 
1938
 
2017
1939
    options = parser.parse_args()
2018
1940
    
2019
1941
    if options.check:
2032
1954
                        "use_dbus": "True",
2033
1955
                        "use_ipv6": "True",
2034
1956
                        "debuglevel": "",
2035
 
                        "restore": "True",
2036
 
                        "statedir": "/var/lib/mandos"
2037
1957
                        }
2038
1958
    
2039
1959
    # Parse config file for server-global settings
2056
1976
    # options, if set.
2057
1977
    for option in ("interface", "address", "port", "debug",
2058
1978
                   "priority", "servicename", "configdir",
2059
 
                   "use_dbus", "use_ipv6", "debuglevel", "restore",
2060
 
                   "statedir"):
 
1979
                   "use_dbus", "use_ipv6", "debuglevel", "restore"):
2061
1980
        value = getattr(options, option)
2062
1981
        if value is not None:
2063
1982
            server_settings[option] = value
2075
1994
    debuglevel = server_settings["debuglevel"]
2076
1995
    use_dbus = server_settings["use_dbus"]
2077
1996
    use_ipv6 = server_settings["use_ipv6"]
2078
 
    stored_state_path = os.path.join(server_settings["statedir"],
2079
 
                                     stored_state_file)
2080
 
    
2081
 
    if debug:
2082
 
        initlogger(debug, logging.DEBUG)
2083
 
    else:
2084
 
        if not debuglevel:
2085
 
            initlogger(debug)
2086
 
        else:
2087
 
            level = getattr(logging, debuglevel.upper())
2088
 
            initlogger(debug, level)
2089
1997
    
2090
1998
    if server_settings["servicename"] != "Mandos":
2091
1999
        syslogger.setFormatter(logging.Formatter
2094
2002
                                % server_settings["servicename"]))
2095
2003
    
2096
2004
    # Parse config file with clients
2097
 
    client_config = configparser.SafeConfigParser(Client.client_defaults)
 
2005
    client_defaults = { "timeout": "5m",
 
2006
                        "extended_timeout": "15m",
 
2007
                        "interval": "2m",
 
2008
                        "checker": "fping -q -- %%(host)s",
 
2009
                        "host": "",
 
2010
                        "approval_delay": "0s",
 
2011
                        "approval_duration": "1s",
 
2012
                        }
 
2013
    client_config = configparser.SafeConfigParser(client_defaults)
2098
2014
    client_config.read(os.path.join(server_settings["configdir"],
2099
2015
                                    "clients.conf"))
2100
2016
    
2138
2054
        if error[0] != errno.EPERM:
2139
2055
            raise error
2140
2056
    
 
2057
    if not debug and not debuglevel:
 
2058
        logger.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
 
2059
    if debuglevel:
 
2060
        level = getattr(logging, debuglevel.upper())
 
2061
        logger.setLevel(level)
 
2062
    
2141
2063
    if debug:
 
2064
        logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
2142
2065
        # Enable all possible GnuTLS debugging
2143
2066
        
2144
2067
        # "Use a log level over 10 to enable all debugging options."
2157
2080
        os.dup2(null, sys.stdin.fileno())
2158
2081
        if null > 2:
2159
2082
            os.close(null)
 
2083
    else:
 
2084
        # No console logging
 
2085
        logger.removeHandler(console)
2160
2086
    
2161
2087
    # Need to fork before connecting to D-Bus
2162
2088
    if not debug:
2163
2089
        # Close all input and output, do double fork, etc.
2164
2090
        daemon()
2165
2091
    
2166
 
    gobject.threads_init()
2167
 
    
2168
2092
    global main_loop
2169
2093
    # From the Avahi example code
2170
2094
    DBusGMainLoop(set_as_default=True )
2200
2124
        client_class = functools.partial(ClientDBusTransitional,
2201
2125
                                         bus = bus)
2202
2126
    
2203
 
    client_settings = Client.config_parser(client_config)
 
2127
    special_settings = {
 
2128
        # Some settings need to be accessd by special methods;
 
2129
        # booleans need .getboolean(), etc.  Here is a list of them:
 
2130
        "approved_by_default":
 
2131
            lambda section:
 
2132
            client_config.getboolean(section, "approved_by_default"),
 
2133
        }
 
2134
    # Construct a new dict of client settings of this form:
 
2135
    # { client_name: {setting_name: value, ...}, ...}
 
2136
    # with exceptions for any special settings as defined above
 
2137
    client_settings = dict((clientname,
 
2138
                           dict((setting,
 
2139
                                 (value if setting not in special_settings
 
2140
                                  else special_settings[setting](clientname)))
 
2141
                                for setting, value in client_config.items(clientname)))
 
2142
                          for clientname in client_config.sections())
 
2143
    
2204
2144
    old_client_settings = {}
2205
 
    clients_data = {}
2206
 
    
2207
 
    # Get client data and settings from last running state.
 
2145
    clients_data = []
 
2146
 
 
2147
    # Get client data and settings from last running state. 
2208
2148
    if server_settings["restore"]:
2209
2149
        try:
2210
2150
            with open(stored_state_path, "rb") as stored_state:
2211
 
                clients_data, old_client_settings = (pickle.load
2212
 
                                                     (stored_state))
 
2151
                clients_data, old_client_settings = pickle.load(stored_state)
2213
2152
            os.remove(stored_state_path)
2214
2153
        except IOError as e:
2215
 
            logger.warning("Could not load persistent state: {0}"
2216
 
                           .format(e))
 
2154
            logger.warning("Could not load persistant state: {0}".format(e))
2217
2155
            if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
2218
2156
                raise
2219
 
        except EOFError as e:
2220
 
            logger.warning("Could not load persistent state: "
2221
 
                           "EOFError: {0}".format(e))
2222
 
    
2223
 
    with PGPEngine() as pgp:
2224
 
        for client_name, client in clients_data.iteritems():
2225
 
            # Decide which value to use after restoring saved state.
2226
 
            # We have three different values: Old config file,
2227
 
            # new config file, and saved state.
2228
 
            # New config value takes precedence if it differs from old
2229
 
            # config value, otherwise use saved state.
2230
 
            for name, value in client_settings[client_name].items():
2231
 
                try:
2232
 
                    # For each value in new config, check if it
2233
 
                    # differs from the old config value (Except for
2234
 
                    # the "secret" attribute)
2235
 
                    if (name != "secret" and
2236
 
                        value != old_client_settings[client_name]
2237
 
                        [name]):
2238
 
                        client[name] = value
2239
 
                except KeyError:
2240
 
                    pass
2241
 
            
2242
 
            # Clients who has passed its expire date can still be
2243
 
            # enabled if its last checker was successful.  Clients
2244
 
            # whose checker failed before we stored its state is
2245
 
            # assumed to have failed all checkers during downtime.
2246
 
            if client["enabled"]:
2247
 
                if datetime.datetime.utcnow() >= client["expires"]:
2248
 
                    if not client["last_checked_ok"]:
2249
 
                        logger.warning(
2250
 
                            "disabling client {0} - Client never "
2251
 
                            "performed a successfull checker"
2252
 
                            .format(client["name"]))
2253
 
                        client["enabled"] = False
2254
 
                    elif client["last_checker_status"] != 0:
2255
 
                        logger.warning(
2256
 
                            "disabling client {0} - Client "
2257
 
                            "last checker failed with error code {1}"
2258
 
                            .format(client["name"],
2259
 
                                    client["last_checker_status"]))
2260
 
                        client["enabled"] = False
2261
 
                    else:
2262
 
                        client["expires"] = (datetime.datetime
2263
 
                                             .utcnow()
2264
 
                                             + client["timeout"])
2265
 
                    
 
2157
 
 
2158
    for client in clients_data:
 
2159
        client_name = client["name"]
 
2160
        
 
2161
        # Decide which value to use after restoring saved state.
 
2162
        # We have three different values: Old config file,
 
2163
        # new config file, and saved state.
 
2164
        # New config value takes precedence if it differs from old
 
2165
        # config value, otherwise use saved state.
 
2166
        for name, value in client_settings[client_name].items():
2266
2167
            try:
2267
 
                client["secret"] = (
2268
 
                    pgp.decrypt(client["encrypted_secret"],
2269
 
                                client_settings[client_name]
2270
 
                                ["secret"]))
2271
 
            except PGPError:
2272
 
                # If decryption fails, we use secret from new settings
2273
 
                logger.debug("Failed to decrypt {0} old secret"
2274
 
                             .format(client_name))
2275
 
                client["secret"] = (
2276
 
                    client_settings[client_name]["secret"])
2277
 
 
2278
 
    
2279
 
    # Add/remove clients based on new changes made to config
2280
 
    for client_name in set(old_client_settings) - set(client_settings):
2281
 
        del clients_data[client_name]
2282
 
    for client_name in set(client_settings) - set(old_client_settings):
2283
 
        clients_data[client_name] = client_settings[client_name]
2284
 
 
2285
 
    # Create clients all clients
2286
 
    for client_name, client in clients_data.iteritems():
2287
 
        tcp_server.clients[client_name] = client_class(
2288
 
            name = client_name, settings = client)
2289
 
    
 
2168
                # For each value in new config, check if it differs
 
2169
                # from the old config value (Except for the "secret"
 
2170
                # attribute)
 
2171
                if name != "secret" and value != old_client_settings[client_name][name]:
 
2172
                    setattr(client, name, value)
 
2173
            except KeyError:
 
2174
                pass
 
2175
 
 
2176
        # Clients who has passed its expire date, can still be enabled if its
 
2177
        # last checker was sucessful. Clients who checkers failed before we
 
2178
        # stored it state is asumed to had failed checker during downtime.
 
2179
        if client["enabled"] and client["last_checked_ok"]:
 
2180
            if ((datetime.datetime.utcnow() - client["last_checked_ok"])
 
2181
                > client["interval"]):
 
2182
                if client["last_checker_status"] != 0:
 
2183
                    client["enabled"] = False
 
2184
                else:
 
2185
                    client["expires"] = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + client["timeout"]
 
2186
 
 
2187
        client["changedstate"] = (multiprocessing_manager
 
2188
                                  .Condition(multiprocessing_manager
 
2189
                                             .Lock()))
 
2190
        if use_dbus:
 
2191
            new_client = ClientDBusTransitional.__new__(ClientDBusTransitional)
 
2192
            tcp_server.clients[client_name] = new_client
 
2193
            new_client.bus = bus
 
2194
            for name, value in client.iteritems():
 
2195
                setattr(new_client, name, value)
 
2196
            client_object_name = unicode(client_name).translate(
 
2197
                {ord("."): ord("_"),
 
2198
                 ord("-"): ord("_")})
 
2199
            new_client.dbus_object_path = (dbus.ObjectPath
 
2200
                                     ("/clients/" + client_object_name))
 
2201
            DBusObjectWithProperties.__init__(new_client,
 
2202
                                              new_client.bus,
 
2203
                                              new_client.dbus_object_path)
 
2204
        else:
 
2205
            tcp_server.clients[client_name] = Client.__new__(Client)
 
2206
            for name, value in client.iteritems():
 
2207
                setattr(tcp_server.clients[client_name], name, value)
 
2208
                
 
2209
        tcp_server.clients[client_name].decrypt_secret(
 
2210
            client_settings[client_name]["secret"])            
 
2211
        
 
2212
    # Create/remove clients based on new changes made to config
 
2213
    for clientname in set(old_client_settings) - set(client_settings):
 
2214
        del tcp_server.clients[clientname]
 
2215
    for clientname in set(client_settings) - set(old_client_settings):
 
2216
        tcp_server.clients[clientname] = (client_class(name = clientname,
 
2217
                                                       config =
 
2218
                                                       client_settings
 
2219
                                                       [clientname]))
 
2220
    
 
2221
 
2290
2222
    if not tcp_server.clients:
2291
2223
        logger.warning("No clients defined")
2292
2224
        
2303
2235
            # "pidfile" was never created
2304
2236
            pass
2305
2237
        del pidfilename
 
2238
        
2306
2239
        signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.SIG_IGN)
2307
2240
    
2308
2241
    signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, lambda signum, frame: sys.exit())
2373
2306
        multiprocessing.active_children()
2374
2307
        if not (tcp_server.clients or client_settings):
2375
2308
            return
2376
 
        
2377
 
        # Store client before exiting. Secrets are encrypted with key
2378
 
        # based on what config file has. If config file is
2379
 
        # removed/edited, old secret will thus be unrecovable.
2380
 
        clients = {}
2381
 
        with PGPEngine() as pgp:
2382
 
            for client in tcp_server.clients.itervalues():
2383
 
                key = client_settings[client.name]["secret"]
2384
 
                client.encrypted_secret = pgp.encrypt(client.secret,
2385
 
                                                      key)
2386
 
                client_dict = {}
2387
 
                
2388
 
                # A list of attributes that can not be pickled
2389
 
                # + secret.
2390
 
                exclude = set(("bus", "changedstate", "secret",
2391
 
                               "checker"))
2392
 
                for name, typ in (inspect.getmembers
2393
 
                                  (dbus.service.Object)):
2394
 
                    exclude.add(name)
2395
 
                
2396
 
                client_dict["encrypted_secret"] = (client
2397
 
                                                   .encrypted_secret)
2398
 
                for attr in client.client_structure:
2399
 
                    if attr not in exclude:
2400
 
                        client_dict[attr] = getattr(client, attr)
2401
 
                
2402
 
                clients[client.name] = client_dict
2403
 
                del client_settings[client.name]["secret"]
2404
 
        
 
2309
 
 
2310
        # Store client before exiting. Secrets are encrypted with key based
 
2311
        # on what config file has. If config file is removed/edited, old
 
2312
        # secret will thus be unrecovable.
 
2313
        clients = []
 
2314
        for client in tcp_server.clients.itervalues():
 
2315
            client.encrypt_secret(client_settings[client.name]["secret"])
 
2316
 
 
2317
            client_dict = {}
 
2318
 
 
2319
            # A list of attributes that will not be stored when shuting down.
 
2320
            exclude = set(("bus", "changedstate", "secret"))            
 
2321
            for name, typ in inspect.getmembers(dbus.service.Object):
 
2322
                exclude.add(name)
 
2323
                
 
2324
            client_dict["encrypted_secret"] = client.encrypted_secret
 
2325
            for attr in client.client_structure:
 
2326
                if attr not in exclude:
 
2327
                    client_dict[attr] = getattr(client, attr)
 
2328
 
 
2329
            clients.append(client_dict) 
 
2330
            del client_settings[client.name]["secret"]
 
2331
            
2405
2332
        try:
2406
 
            tempfd, tempname = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".pickle",
2407
 
                                                prefix="clients-",
2408
 
                                                dir=os.path.dirname
2409
 
                                                (stored_state_path))
2410
 
            with os.fdopen(tempfd, "wb") as stored_state:
 
2333
            with os.fdopen(os.open(stored_state_path, os.O_CREAT|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, 0600), "wb") as stored_state:
2411
2334
                pickle.dump((clients, client_settings), stored_state)
2412
 
            os.rename(tempname, stored_state_path)
2413
 
        except (IOError, OSError) as e:
2414
 
            logger.warning("Could not save persistent state: {0}"
2415
 
                           .format(e))
2416
 
            if not debug:
2417
 
                try:
2418
 
                    os.remove(tempname)
2419
 
                except NameError:
2420
 
                    pass
2421
 
            if e.errno not in set((errno.ENOENT, errno.EACCES,
2422
 
                                   errno.EEXIST)):
2423
 
                raise e
2424
 
        
 
2335
        except IOError as e:
 
2336
            logger.warning("Could not save persistant state: {0}".format(e))
 
2337
            if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
 
2338
                raise
 
2339
 
2425
2340
        # Delete all clients, and settings from config
2426
2341
        while tcp_server.clients:
2427
2342
            name, client = tcp_server.clients.popitem()
2445
2360
        # Need to initiate checking of clients
2446
2361
        if client.enabled:
2447
2362
            client.init_checker()
 
2363
 
2448
2364
    
2449
2365
    tcp_server.enable()
2450
2366
    tcp_server.server_activate()
2490
2406
    # Must run before the D-Bus bus name gets deregistered
2491
2407
    cleanup()
2492
2408
 
 
2409
 
2493
2410
if __name__ == '__main__':
2494
2411
    main()