68
48
<refname><command>&COMMANDNAME;</command></refname>
70
Sends encrypted passwords to authenticated Mandos clients
50
Gives encrypted passwords to authenticated Mandos clients
76
56
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
77
<arg choice='opt'>--interface<arg choice='plain'>IF</arg></arg>
78
<arg choice='opt'>--address<arg choice='plain'>ADDRESS</arg></arg>
79
<arg choice='opt'>--port<arg choice='plain'>PORT</arg></arg>
80
<arg choice='opt'>--priority<arg choice='plain'>PRIORITY</arg></arg>
81
<arg choice='opt'>--servicename<arg choice='plain'>NAME</arg></arg>
82
<arg choice='opt'>--configdir<arg choice='plain'>DIRECTORY</arg></arg>
83
<arg choice='opt'>--debug</arg>
86
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
87
<arg choice='opt'>-i<arg choice='plain'>IF</arg></arg>
88
<arg choice='opt'>-a<arg choice='plain'>ADDRESS</arg></arg>
89
<arg choice='opt'>-p<arg choice='plain'>PORT</arg></arg>
90
<arg choice='opt'>--priority<arg choice='plain'>PRIORITY</arg></arg>
91
<arg choice='opt'>--servicename<arg choice='plain'>NAME</arg></arg>
92
<arg choice='opt'>--configdir<arg choice='plain'>DIRECTORY</arg></arg>
93
<arg choice='opt'>--debug</arg>
96
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
97
<arg choice='plain'>--help</arg>
100
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
101
<arg choice='plain'>--version</arg>
104
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
105
<arg choice='plain'>--check</arg>
58
<arg choice="plain"><option>--interface
59
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></arg>
60
<arg choice="plain"><option>-i
61
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></arg>
65
<arg choice="plain"><option>--address
66
<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></arg>
67
<arg choice="plain"><option>-a
68
<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></arg>
72
<arg choice="plain"><option>--port
73
<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></arg>
74
<arg choice="plain"><option>-p
75
<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></arg>
78
<arg><option>--priority
79
<replaceable>PRIORITY</replaceable></option></arg>
81
<arg><option>--servicename
82
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></arg>
84
<arg><option>--configdir
85
<replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></arg>
87
<arg><option>--debug</option></arg>
89
<arg><option>--no-dbus</option></arg>
91
<arg><option>--no-ipv6</option></arg>
94
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
96
<arg choice="plain"><option>--help</option></arg>
97
<arg choice="plain"><option>-h</option></arg>
101
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
102
<arg choice="plain"><option>--version</option></arg>
105
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
106
<arg choice="plain"><option>--check</option></arg>
107
108
</refsynopsisdiv>
109
110
<refsect1 id="description">
110
111
<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
112
113
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> is a server daemon which
113
114
handles incoming request for passwords for a pre-defined list of
114
115
client host computers. The Mandos server uses Zeroconf to
115
announce itself on the local network, and uses GnuTLS to
116
communicate securely with and to authenticate the clients.
117
Mandos uses IPv6 link-local addresses, since the clients are
118
assumed to not have any other addresses configured yet. Any
119
authenticated client is then given the pre-encrypted password
120
for that specific client.
116
announce itself on the local network, and uses TLS to
117
communicate securely with and to authenticate the clients. The
118
Mandos server uses IPv6 to allow Mandos clients to use IPv6
119
link-local addresses, since the clients will probably not have
120
any other addresses configured (see <xref linkend="overview"/>).
121
Any authenticated client is then given the stored pre-encrypted
122
password for that specific client.
125
126
<refsect1 id="purpose">
126
127
<title>PURPOSE</title>
129
129
The purpose of this is to enable <emphasis>remote and unattended
130
rebooting</emphasis> of any client host computer with an
131
<emphasis>encrypted root file system</emphasis>. The client
132
host computer should start a Mandos client in the initial RAM
133
disk environment, the Mandos client program communicates with
134
this server program to get an encrypted password, which is then
135
decrypted and used to unlock the encrypted root file system.
136
The client host computer can then continue its boot sequence
130
rebooting</emphasis> of client host computer with an
131
<emphasis>encrypted root file system</emphasis>. See <xref
132
linkend="overview"/> for details.
142
136
<refsect1 id="options">
143
137
<title>OPTIONS</title>
147
<term><literal>-h</literal>, <literal>--help</literal></term>
140
<term><option>--help</option></term>
141
<term><option>-h</option></term>
150
144
Show a help message and exit
156
<term><literal>-i</literal>, <literal>--interface <replaceable>
157
IF</replaceable></literal></term>
160
Only announce the server and listen to requests on network
161
interface <replaceable>IF</replaceable>. Default is to
162
use all available interfaces.
168
<term><literal>-a</literal>, <literal>--address <replaceable>
169
ADDRESS</replaceable></literal></term>
172
If this option is used, the server will only listen to a
173
specific address. This must currently be an IPv6 address;
174
an IPv4 address can be specified using the
175
"<literal>::FFFF:192.0.2.3</literal>" syntax. Also, if a
176
link-local address is specified, an interface should be
177
set, since a link-local address is only valid on a single
178
interface. By default, the server will listen to all
185
<term><literal>-p</literal>, <literal>--port <replaceable>
186
PORT</replaceable></literal></term>
189
If this option is used, the server to bind to that
190
port. By default, the server will listen to an arbitrary
191
port given by the operating system.
197
<term><literal>--check</literal></term>
200
Run the server's self-tests. This includes any unit
150
<term><option>--interface</option>
151
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
152
<term><option>-i</option>
153
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
155
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="interface"/>
160
<term><option>--address
161
<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></term>
163
<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></term>
165
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="address"/>
171
<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></term>
173
<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></term>
175
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="port"/>
180
<term><option>--check</option></term>
183
Run the server’s self-tests. This includes any unit
207
<term><literal>--debug</literal></term>
210
If the server is run in debug mode, it will run in the
211
foreground and print a lot of debugging information. The
212
default is <emphasis>not</emphasis> to run in debug mode.
218
<term><literal>--priority <replaceable>
219
PRIORITY</replaceable></literal></term>
222
GnuTLS priority string for the TLS handshake with the
224
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnutls_priority_init
225
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
226
for the syntax. The default is
227
"<literal>SECURE256:!CTYPE-X.509:+CTYPE-OPENPGP</literal>".
228
<emphasis>Warning</emphasis>: changing this may make the
229
TLS handshake fail, making communication with clients
236
<term><literal>--servicename <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>
240
Zeroconf service name. The default is
241
"<literal>Mandos</literal>". You only need to change this
242
if you for some reason want to run more than one server on
243
the same <emphasis>host</emphasis>. If there are name
244
collisions on the same <emphasis>network</emphasis>, the
245
new server will automatically rename itself to "Mandos
252
<term><literal>--configdir <replaceable>DIR</replaceable>
190
<term><option>--debug</option></term>
192
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="debug"/>
197
<term><option>--priority <replaceable>
198
PRIORITY</replaceable></option></term>
200
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="priority"/>
205
<term><option>--servicename
206
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></term>
208
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml"
209
xpointer="servicename"/>
214
<term><option>--configdir
215
<replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></term>
256
218
Directory to search for configuration files. Default is
257
"<literal>/etc/mandos</literal>". See <citerefentry>
258
<refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
219
<quote><literal>/etc/mandos</literal></quote>. See
220
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
259
221
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry>
260
222
<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
261
223
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
267
<term><literal>--version</literal></term>
229
<term><option>--version</option></term>
270
232
Prints the program version and exit.
238
<term><option>--no-dbus</option></term>
240
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="dbus"/>
242
See also <xref linkend="dbus_interface"/>.
248
<term><option>--no-ipv6</option></term>
250
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="ipv6"/>
256
<refsect1 id="overview">
257
<title>OVERVIEW</title>
258
<xi:include href="overview.xml"/>
260
This program is the server part. It is a normal server program
261
and will run in a normal system environment, not in an initial
262
<acronym>RAM</acronym> disk environment.
277
266
<refsect1 id="protocol">
278
267
<title>NETWORK PROTOCOL</title>
280
269
The Mandos server announces itself as a Zeroconf service of type
281
"<literal>_mandos._tcp</literal>". The Mandos client connects
282
to the announced address and port, and sends a line of text
283
where the first whitespace-separated field is the protocol
284
version, which currently is "<literal>1</literal>". The client
285
and server then start a TLS protocol handshake with a slight
286
quirk: the Mandos server program acts as a TLS "client" while
287
the connecting Mandos client acts as a TLS "server". The Mandos
288
client must supply an OpenPGP certificate, and the fingerprint
289
of this certificate is used by the Mandos server to look up (in
290
a list read from a file at start time) which binary blob to give
291
the client. No other authentication or authorization is done by
270
<quote><literal>_mandos._tcp</literal></quote>. The Mandos
271
client connects to the announced address and port, and sends a
272
line of text where the first whitespace-separated field is the
273
protocol version, which currently is
274
<quote><literal>1</literal></quote>. The client and server then
275
start a TLS protocol handshake with a slight quirk: the Mandos
276
server program acts as a TLS <quote>client</quote> while the
277
connecting Mandos client acts as a TLS <quote>server</quote>.
278
The Mandos client must supply an OpenPGP certificate, and the
279
fingerprint of this certificate is used by the Mandos server to
280
look up (in a list read from <filename>clients.conf</filename>
281
at start time) which binary blob to give the client. No other
282
authentication or authorization is done by the server.
294
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><thead>
285
<title>Mandos Protocol (Version 1)</title><tgroup cols="3"><thead>
296
287
<entry>Mandos Client</entry>
297
288
<entry>Direction</entry>
320
313
<entry><-<!-- ← --></entry>
321
<entry>Binary blob</entry>
314
<entry>Binary blob (client will assume OpenPGP data)</entry>
325
318
<entry><-<!-- ← --></entry>
326
319
<entry>Close</entry>
328
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
321
</tbody></tgroup></table>
324
<refsect1 id="checking">
325
<title>CHECKING</title>
327
The server will, by default, continually check that the clients
328
are still up. If a client has not been confirmed as being up
329
for some time, the client is assumed to be compromised and is no
330
longer eligible to receive the encrypted password. (Manual
331
intervention is required to re-enable a client.) The timeout,
332
checker program, and interval between checks can be configured
333
both globally and per client; see <citerefentry>
334
<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
335
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. A client successfully
336
receiving its password will also be treated as a successful
341
<refsect1 id="approval">
342
<title>APPROVAL</title>
344
The server can be configured to require manual approval for a
345
client before it is sent its secret. The delay to wait for such
346
approval and the default action (approve or deny) can be
347
configured both globally and per client; see <citerefentry>
348
<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
349
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. By default all clients
350
will be approved immediately without delay.
353
This can be used to deny a client its secret if not manually
354
approved within a specified time. It can also be used to make
355
the server delay before giving a client its secret, allowing
356
optional manual denying of this specific client.
331
361
<refsect1 id="logging">
332
362
<title>LOGGING</title>
334
The server will log a lot of information with various severity
336
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle>
337
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. With the
364
The server will send log message with various severity levels to
365
<filename>/dev/log</filename>. With the
338
366
<option>--debug</option> option, it will log even more messages,
339
367
and also show them on the console.
371
<refsect1 id="dbus_interface">
372
<title>D-BUS INTERFACE</title>
374
The server will by default provide a D-Bus system bus interface.
375
This interface will only be accessible by the root user or a
376
Mandos-specific user, if such a user exists. For documentation
377
of the D-Bus API, see the file <filename>DBUS-API</filename>.
343
381
<refsect1 id="exit_status">
344
382
<title>EXIT STATUS</title>
347
385
critical error is encountered.
389
<refsect1 id="environment">
390
<title>ENVIRONMENT</title>
393
<term><envar>PATH</envar></term>
396
To start the configured checker (see <xref
397
linkend="checking"/>), the server uses
398
<filename>/bin/sh</filename>, which in turn uses
399
<varname>PATH</varname> to search for matching commands if
400
an absolute path is not given. See <citerefentry>
401
<refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
409
<refsect1 id="files">
352
410
<title>FILES</title>
356
<filename>/etc/mandos/mandos.conf</filename> See <citerefentry>
357
<refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
358
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
361
<filename>/etc/mandos/clients.conf</filename> See <citerefentry>
412
Use the <option>--configdir</option> option to change where
413
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> looks for its configurations
414
files. The default file names are listed here.
418
<term><filename>/etc/mandos/mandos.conf</filename></term>
421
Server-global settings. See
422
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
423
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
428
<term><filename>/etc/mandos/clients.conf</filename></term>
431
List of clients and client-specific settings. See
432
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
433
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
438
<term><filename>/var/run/mandos.pid</filename></term>
441
The file containing the process id of the
442
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> process started last.
447
<term><filename>/dev/log</filename></term>
450
The Unix domain socket to where local syslog messages are
456
<term><filename>/bin/sh</filename></term>
459
This is used to start the configured checker command for
460
each client. See <citerefentry>
362
461
<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
363
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
366
<filename>/var/run/mandos/mandos.pid</filename>
462
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
372
469
<refsect1 id="bugs">
373
470
<title>BUGS</title>
378
<refsect1 id="examples">
379
<title>EXAMPLES</title>
472
This server might, on especially fatal errors, emit a Python
473
backtrace. This could be considered a feature.
476
Currently, if a client is disabled due to having timed out, the
477
server does not record this fact onto permanent storage. This
478
has some security implications, see <xref linkend="clients"/>.
481
There is no fine-grained control over logging and debug output.
484
Debug mode is conflated with running in the foreground.
487
The console log messages do not show a time stamp.
490
This server does not check the expire time of clients’ OpenPGP
495
<refsect1 id="example">
496
<title>EXAMPLE</title>
499
Normal invocation needs no options:
502
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME;</userinput>
507
Run the server in debug mode, read configuration files from
508
the <filename>~/mandos</filename> directory, and use the
509
Zeroconf service name <quote>Test</quote> to not collide with
510
any other official Mandos server on this host:
514
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
515
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --debug --configdir ~/mandos --servicename Test</userinput>
521
Run the server normally, but only listen to one interface and
522
only on the link-local address on that interface:
526
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
527
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --interface eth7 --address fe80::aede:48ff:fe71:f6f2</userinput>
384
533
<refsect1 id="security">
385
534
<title>SECURITY</title>
535
<refsect2 id="server">
536
<title>SERVER</title>
538
Running this <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> server program
539
should not in itself present any security risk to the host
540
computer running it. The program switches to a non-root user
544
<refsect2 id="clients">
545
<title>CLIENTS</title>
547
The server only gives out its stored data to clients which
548
does have the OpenPGP key of the stored fingerprint. This is
549
guaranteed by the fact that the client sends its OpenPGP
550
public key in the TLS handshake; this ensures it to be
551
genuine. The server computes the fingerprint of the key
552
itself and looks up the fingerprint in its list of
553
clients. The <filename>clients.conf</filename> file (see
554
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
555
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
556
<emphasis>must</emphasis> be made non-readable by anyone
557
except the user starting the server (usually root).
560
As detailed in <xref linkend="checking"/>, the status of all
561
client computers will continually be checked and be assumed
562
compromised if they are gone for too long.
565
If a client is compromised, its downtime should be duly noted
566
by the server which would therefore disable the client. But
567
if the server was ever restarted, it would re-read its client
568
list from its configuration file and again regard all clients
569
therein as enabled, and hence eligible to receive their
570
passwords. Therefore, be careful when restarting servers if
571
it is suspected that a client has, in fact, been compromised
572
by parties who may now be running a fake Mandos client with
573
the keys from the non-encrypted initial <acronym>RAM</acronym>
574
image of the client host. What should be done in that case
575
(if restarting the server program really is necessary) is to
576
stop the server program, edit the configuration file to omit
577
any suspect clients, and restart the server program.
580
For more details on client-side security, see
581
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-client</refentrytitle>
582
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
390
587
<refsect1 id="see_also">
391
588
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
392
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
394
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>password-request</refentrytitle>
395
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>
399
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
400
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>
404
<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
408
<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
413
url="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</ulink>
417
<citation>RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message
418
Format</citetitle></citation>
422
<citation>RFC 5081: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for
423
Transport Layer Security</citetitle></citation>
427
<citation>RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
428
Architecture</citetitle>, section 2.5.6, Link-Local IPv6
429
Unicast Addresses</citation>
591
<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
592
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
593
<refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
594
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
595
<refentrytitle>mandos-client</refentrytitle>
596
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
597
<refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
603
<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
607
Zeroconf is the network protocol standard used by clients
608
for finding this Mandos server on the local network.
614
<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
618
Avahi is the library this server calls to implement
619
Zeroconf service announcements.
625
<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/"
630
GnuTLS is the library this server uses to implement TLS for
631
communicating securely with the client, and at the same time
632
confidently get the client’s public OpenPGP key.
638
RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
639
Architecture</citetitle>
644
<term>Section 2.2: <citetitle>Text Representation of
645
Addresses</citetitle></term>
646
<listitem><para/></listitem>
649
<term>Section 2.5.5.2: <citetitle>IPv4-Mapped IPv6
650
Address</citetitle></term>
651
<listitem><para/></listitem>
654
<term>Section 2.5.6, <citetitle>Link-Local IPv6 Unicast
655
Addresses</citetitle></term>
658
The clients use IPv6 link-local addresses, which are
659
immediately usable since a link-local addresses is
660
automatically assigned to a network interfaces when it
670
RFC 4346: <citetitle>The Transport Layer Security (TLS)
671
Protocol Version 1.1</citetitle>
675
TLS 1.1 is the protocol implemented by GnuTLS.
681
RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message Format</citetitle>
685
The data sent to clients is binary encrypted OpenPGP data.
691
RFC 5081: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport Layer
696
This is implemented by GnuTLS and used by this server so
697
that OpenPGP keys can be used.
704
<!-- Local Variables: -->
705
<!-- time-stamp-start: "<!ENTITY TIMESTAMP [\"']" -->
706
<!-- time-stamp-end: "[\"']>" -->
707
<!-- time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d" -->