25
24
#define _GNU_SOURCE /* TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(), getline(),
26
asprintf(), O_CLOEXEC */
27
26
#include <stddef.h> /* size_t, NULL */
28
#include <stdlib.h> /* malloc(), exit(), EXIT_SUCCESS,
27
#include <stdlib.h> /* malloc(), exit(), EXIT_FAILURE,
28
EXIT_SUCCESS, realloc() */
30
29
#include <stdbool.h> /* bool, true, false */
31
#include <stdio.h> /* fileno(), fprintf(),
32
stderr, STDOUT_FILENO */
33
#include <sys/types.h> /* DIR, fdopendir(), stat(), struct
30
#include <stdio.h> /* perror, popen(), fileno(),
31
fprintf(), stderr, STDOUT_FILENO */
32
#include <sys/types.h> /* DIR, opendir(), stat(), struct
34
33
stat, waitpid(), WIFEXITED(),
35
34
WEXITSTATUS(), wait(), pid_t,
36
35
uid_t, gid_t, getuid(), getgid(),
38
37
#include <sys/select.h> /* fd_set, select(), FD_ZERO(),
39
38
FD_SET(), FD_ISSET(), FD_CLR */
40
39
#include <sys/wait.h> /* wait(), waitpid(), WIFEXITED(),
41
WEXITSTATUS(), WTERMSIG(),
43
41
#include <sys/stat.h> /* struct stat, stat(), S_ISREG() */
44
42
#include <iso646.h> /* and, or, not */
45
#include <dirent.h> /* DIR, struct dirent, fdopendir(),
43
#include <dirent.h> /* DIR, struct dirent, opendir(),
46
44
readdir(), closedir(), dirfd() */
47
45
#include <unistd.h> /* struct stat, stat(), S_ISREG(),
48
46
fcntl(), setuid(), setgid(),
49
47
F_GETFD, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC,
50
48
access(), pipe(), fork(), close()
51
dup2(), STDOUT_FILENO, _exit(),
49
dup2, STDOUT_FILENO, _exit(),
52
50
execv(), write(), read(),
54
52
#include <fcntl.h> /* fcntl(), F_GETFD, F_SETFD,
56
#include <string.h> /* strsep, strlen(), asprintf(),
57
strsignal(), strcmp(), strncmp() */
54
#include <string.h> /* strsep, strlen(), asprintf() */
58
55
#include <errno.h> /* errno */
59
56
#include <argp.h> /* struct argp_option, struct
60
57
argp_state, struct argp,
64
61
#include <signal.h> /* struct sigaction, sigemptyset(),
65
62
sigaddset(), sigaction(),
66
63
sigprocmask(), SIG_BLOCK, SIGCHLD,
67
SIG_UNBLOCK, kill(), sig_atomic_t
64
SIG_UNBLOCK, kill() */
69
65
#include <errno.h> /* errno, EBADF */
70
#include <inttypes.h> /* intmax_t, PRIdMAX, strtoimax() */
71
#include <sysexits.h> /* EX_OSERR, EX_USAGE, EX_IOERR,
72
EX_CONFIG, EX_UNAVAILABLE, EX_OK */
73
#include <errno.h> /* errno */
74
#include <error.h> /* error() */
76
67
#define BUFFER_SIZE 256
78
69
#define PDIR "/lib/mandos/plugins.d"
79
70
#define AFILE "/conf/conf.d/mandos/plugin-runner.conf"
81
const char *argp_program_version = "plugin-runner " VERSION;
72
const char *argp_program_version = "plugin-runner 1.0";
82
73
const char *argp_program_bug_address = "<mandos@fukt.bsnet.se>";
84
77
typedef struct plugin{
85
78
char *name; /* can be NULL or any plugin name */
106
99
/* Gets an existing plugin based on name,
107
100
or if none is found, creates a new one */
108
101
static plugin *getplugin(char *name){
109
/* Check for existing plugin with that name */
110
for(plugin *p = plugin_list; p != NULL; p = p->next){
112
or (p->name and name and (strcmp(p->name, name) == 0))){
102
/* Check for exiting plugin with that name */
103
for (plugin *p = plugin_list; p != NULL; p = p->next){
104
if ((p->name == name)
105
or (p->name and name and (strcmp(p->name, name) == 0))){
116
109
/* Create a new plugin */
117
plugin *new_plugin = NULL;
119
new_plugin = malloc(sizeof(plugin));
120
} while(new_plugin == NULL and errno == EINTR);
121
if(new_plugin == NULL){
110
plugin *new_plugin = malloc(sizeof(plugin));
111
if (new_plugin == NULL){
124
114
char *copy_name = NULL;
125
115
if(name != NULL){
127
copy_name = strdup(name);
128
} while(copy_name == NULL and errno == EINTR);
116
copy_name = strdup(name);
129
117
if(copy_name == NULL){
137
*new_plugin = (plugin){ .name = copy_name,
140
.next = plugin_list };
122
*new_plugin = (plugin) { .name = copy_name,
125
.next = plugin_list };
143
new_plugin->argv = malloc(sizeof(char *) * 2);
144
} while(new_plugin->argv == NULL and errno == EINTR);
145
if(new_plugin->argv == NULL){
127
new_plugin->argv = malloc(sizeof(char *) * 2);
128
if (new_plugin->argv == NULL){
148
130
free(new_plugin);
152
133
new_plugin->argv[0] = copy_name;
153
134
new_plugin->argv[1] = NULL;
156
new_plugin->environ = malloc(sizeof(char *));
157
} while(new_plugin->environ == NULL and errno == EINTR);
136
new_plugin->environ = malloc(sizeof(char *));
158
137
if(new_plugin->environ == NULL){
161
139
free(new_plugin->argv);
162
140
free(new_plugin);
166
143
new_plugin->environ[0] = NULL;
404
370
.doc = "Group ID the plugins will run as", .group = 3 },
405
371
{ .name = "debug", .key = 132,
406
372
.doc = "Debug mode", .group = 4 },
408
* These reproduce what we would get without ARGP_NO_HELP
410
{ .name = "help", .key = '?',
411
.doc = "Give this help list", .group = -1 },
412
{ .name = "usage", .key = -3,
413
.doc = "Give a short usage message", .group = -1 },
414
{ .name = "version", .key = 'V',
415
.doc = "Print program version", .group = -1 },
419
error_t parse_opt(int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state){
376
error_t parse_opt (int key, char *arg, __attribute__((unused))
377
struct argp_state *state) {
424
379
case 'g': /* --global-options */
427
while((plugin_option = strsep(&arg, ",")) != NULL){
428
if(not add_argument(getplugin(NULL), plugin_option)){
382
while((p = strsep(&arg, ",")) != NULL){
386
if(not add_argument(getplugin(NULL), p)){
387
perror("add_argument");
388
return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
434
393
case 'G': /* --global-env */
435
add_environment(getplugin(NULL), arg, true);
398
char *envdef = strdup(arg);
402
if(not add_environment(getplugin(NULL), envdef, true)){
403
perror("add_environment");
437
407
case 'o': /* --options-for */
439
char *option_list = strchr(arg, ':');
440
if(option_list == NULL){
441
argp_error(state, "No colon in \"%s\"", arg);
448
argp_error(state, "Empty plugin name");
453
while((option = strsep(&option_list, ",")) != NULL){
454
if(not add_argument(getplugin(arg), option)){
409
char *p_name = strsep(&arg, ":");
410
if(p_name[0] == '\0' or arg == NULL){
413
char *opt = strsep(&arg, ":");
414
if(opt[0] == '\0' or opt == NULL){
418
while((p = strsep(&opt, ",")) != NULL){
422
if(not add_argument(getplugin(p_name), p)){
423
perror("add_argument");
424
return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
460
429
case 'E': /* --env-for */
462
434
char *envdef = strchr(arg, ':');
463
435
if(envdef == NULL){
464
argp_error(state, "No colon in \"%s\"", arg);
438
char *p_name = strndup(arg, (size_t) (envdef-arg));
471
argp_error(state, "Empty plugin name");
443
if(not add_environment(getplugin(p_name), envdef, true)){
444
perror("add_environment");
475
add_environment(getplugin(arg), envdef, true);
478
448
case 'd': /* --disable */
480
450
plugin *p = getplugin(arg);
452
return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
486
457
case 'e': /* --enable */
488
459
plugin *p = getplugin(arg);
461
return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
494
466
case 128: /* --plugin-dir */
496
467
plugindir = strdup(arg);
468
if(plugindir == NULL){
498
472
case 129: /* --config-file */
499
473
/* This is already done by parse_opt_config_file() */
501
475
case 130: /* --userid */
502
tmpmax = strtoimax(arg, &tmp, 10);
503
if(errno != 0 or tmp == arg or *tmp != '\0'
504
or tmpmax != (uid_t)tmpmax){
505
argp_error(state, "Bad user ID number: \"%s\", using %"
506
PRIdMAX, arg, (intmax_t)uid);
476
uid = (uid_t)strtol(arg, NULL, 10);
511
478
case 131: /* --groupid */
512
tmpmax = strtoimax(arg, &tmp, 10);
513
if(errno != 0 or tmp == arg or *tmp != '\0'
514
or tmpmax != (gid_t)tmpmax){
515
argp_error(state, "Bad group ID number: \"%s\", using %"
516
PRIdMAX, arg, (intmax_t)gid);
479
gid = (gid_t)strtol(arg, NULL, 10);
521
481
case 132: /* --debug */
525
* These reproduce what we would get without ARGP_NO_HELP
527
case '?': /* --help */
528
state->flags &= ~(unsigned int)ARGP_NO_EXIT; /* force exit */
529
argp_state_help(state, state->out_stream, ARGP_HELP_STD_HELP);
530
case -3: /* --usage */
531
state->flags &= ~(unsigned int)ARGP_NO_EXIT; /* force exit */
532
argp_state_help(state, state->out_stream,
533
ARGP_HELP_USAGE | ARGP_HELP_EXIT_OK);
534
case 'V': /* --version */
535
fprintf(state->out_stream, "%s\n", argp_program_version);
539
* When adding more options before this line, remember to also add a
540
* "case" to the "parse_opt_config_file" function below.
542
484
case ARGP_KEY_ARG:
543
/* Cryptsetup always passes an argument, which is an empty
544
string if "none" was specified in /etc/crypttab. So if
545
argument was empty, we ignore it silently. */
485
fprintf(stderr, "Ignoring unknown argument \"%s\"\n", arg);
550
490
return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
552
return errno; /* Set to 0 at start */
555
495
/* This option parser is the same as parse_opt() above, except it
556
496
ignores everything but the --config-file option. */
557
error_t parse_opt_config_file(int key, char *arg,
558
__attribute__((unused))
559
struct argp_state *state){
497
error_t parse_opt_config_file (int key, char *arg,
498
__attribute__((unused))
499
struct argp_state *state) {
562
501
case 'g': /* --global-options */
563
502
case 'G': /* --global-env */
564
503
case 'o': /* --options-for */
661
591
custom_argv = realloc(custom_argv, sizeof(char *)
662
592
* ((unsigned int) custom_argc + 1));
663
593
if(custom_argv == NULL){
664
error(0, errno, "realloc");
665
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
595
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
669
599
custom_argv[custom_argc-1] = new_arg;
670
custom_argv[custom_argc] = NULL;
600
custom_argv[custom_argc] = NULL;
674
ret = fclose(conffp);
675
} while(ret == EOF and errno == EINTR);
677
error(0, errno, "fclose");
678
exitstatus = EX_IOERR;
683
605
/* Check for harmful errors and go to fallback. Other errors might
684
606
not affect opening plugins */
685
if(errno == EMFILE or errno == ENFILE or errno == ENOMEM){
686
error(0, errno, "fopen");
687
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
607
if (errno == EMFILE or errno == ENFILE or errno == ENOMEM){
609
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
691
/* If there were any arguments from the configuration file, pass
692
them to parser as command line arguments */
613
/* If there was any arguments from configuration file,
614
pass them to parser as command arguments */
693
615
if(custom_argv != NULL){
694
ret = argp_parse(&argp, custom_argc, custom_argv,
695
ARGP_IN_ORDER | ARGP_NO_EXIT | ARGP_NO_HELP,
703
error(0, errno, "argp_parse");
704
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
707
exitstatus = EX_CONFIG;
616
ret = argp_parse (&argp, custom_argc, custom_argv, ARGP_IN_ORDER,
618
if (ret == ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN){
619
fprintf(stderr, "Unknown error while parsing arguments\n");
620
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
712
625
/* Parse actual command line arguments, to let them override the
714
ret = argp_parse(&argp, argc, argv,
715
ARGP_IN_ORDER | ARGP_NO_EXIT | ARGP_NO_HELP,
723
error(0, errno, "argp_parse");
724
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
727
exitstatus = EX_USAGE;
627
ret = argp_parse (&argp, argc, argv, ARGP_IN_ORDER, 0, NULL);
628
if (ret == ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN){
629
fprintf(stderr, "Unknown error while parsing arguments\n");
630
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
735
638
for(char **a = p->argv; *a != NULL; a++){
736
639
fprintf(stderr, "\tArg: %s\n", *a);
738
fprintf(stderr, "...and %d environment variables\n", p->envc);
641
fprintf(stderr, "...and %u environment variables\n", p->envc);
739
642
for(char **a = p->environ; *a != NULL; a++){
740
643
fprintf(stderr, "\t%s\n", *a);
746
/* Work around Debian bug #633582:
747
<http://bugs.debian.org/633582> */
748
int plugindir_fd = open(/* plugindir or */ PDIR, O_RDONLY);
749
if(plugindir_fd == -1){
750
error(0, errno, "open");
752
ret = (int)TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(fstat(plugindir_fd, &st));
754
error(0, errno, "fstat");
756
if(S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) and st.st_uid == 0 and st.st_gid == 0){
757
ret = fchown(plugindir_fd, uid, gid);
759
error(0, errno, "fchown");
763
TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(plugindir_fd));
767
/* Lower permissions */
648
/* Strip permissions down to nobody */
770
error(0, errno, "setgid");
774
error(0, errno, "setuid");
777
/* Open plugin directory with close_on_exec flag */
658
if (plugindir == NULL){
661
dir = opendir(plugindir);
665
perror("Could not open plugin dir");
666
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
670
/* Set the FD_CLOEXEC flag on the directory, if possible */
780
if(plugindir == NULL){
781
dir_fd = open(PDIR, O_RDONLY |
784
#else /* not O_CLOEXEC */
786
#endif /* not O_CLOEXEC */
789
dir_fd = open(plugindir, O_RDONLY |
792
#else /* not O_CLOEXEC */
794
#endif /* not O_CLOEXEC */
798
error(0, errno, "Could not open plugin dir");
799
exitstatus = EX_UNAVAILABLE;
804
/* Set the FD_CLOEXEC flag on the directory */
805
ret = set_cloexec_flag(dir_fd);
807
error(0, errno, "set_cloexec_flag");
808
TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(dir_fd));
809
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
812
#endif /* O_CLOEXEC */
814
dir = fdopendir(dir_fd);
816
error(0, errno, "Could not open plugin dir");
817
TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(dir_fd));
818
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
672
int dir_fd = dirfd(dir);
674
ret = set_cloexec_flag(dir_fd);
676
perror("set_cloexec_flag");
677
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
953
802
if(p->environ[0] != NULL){
954
803
for(char **e = environ; *e != NULL; e++){
955
804
if(not add_environment(p, *e, false)){
956
error(0, errno, "add_environment");
805
perror("add_environment");
962
ret = (int)TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pipe(pipefd));
964
error(0, errno, "pipe");
965
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
814
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
968
817
/* Ask OS to automatic close the pipe on exec */
969
818
ret = set_cloexec_flag(pipefd[0]);
971
error(0, errno, "set_cloexec_flag");
972
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
820
perror("set_cloexec_flag");
821
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
975
824
ret = set_cloexec_flag(pipefd[1]);
977
error(0, errno, "set_cloexec_flag");
978
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
826
perror("set_cloexec_flag");
827
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
981
830
/* Block SIGCHLD until process is safely in process list */
982
ret = (int)TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK,
983
&sigchld_action.sa_mask,
831
ret = sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &sigchld_action.sa_mask, NULL);
986
error(0, errno, "sigprocmask");
987
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
833
perror("sigprocmask");
834
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
990
837
/* Starting a new process to be watched */
994
} while(pid == -1 and errno == EINTR);
996
error(0, errno, "fork");
997
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
841
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
1001
845
/* this is the child process */
1002
846
ret = sigaction(SIGCHLD, &old_sigchld_action, NULL);
1004
error(0, errno, "sigaction");
1007
ret = sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &sigchld_action.sa_mask, NULL);
851
ret = sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &sigchld_action.sa_mask, NULL);
1009
error(0, errno, "sigprocmask");
853
perror("sigprocmask");
1013
857
ret = dup2(pipefd[1], STDOUT_FILENO); /* replace our stdout */
1015
error(0, errno, "dup2");
1019
863
if(dirfd(dir) < 0){
1024
868
if(p->environ[0] == NULL){
1025
869
if(execv(filename, p->argv) < 0){
1026
error(0, errno, "execv for %s", filename);
1030
874
if(execve(filename, p->argv, p->environ) < 0){
1031
error(0, errno, "execve for %s", filename);
1037
881
/* Parent process */
1038
TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(pipefd[1])); /* Close unused write end of
882
close(pipefd[1]); /* Close unused write end of pipe */
1041
884
plugin *new_plugin = getplugin(dirst->d_name);
1042
if(new_plugin == NULL){
1043
error(0, errno, "getplugin");
1044
ret = (int)(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY
1045
(sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &sigchld_action.sa_mask,
885
if (new_plugin == NULL){
887
ret = sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &sigchld_action.sa_mask, NULL);
1048
error(0, errno, "sigprocmask");
889
perror("sigprocmask");
1050
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
891
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
1087
925
free_plugin_list();
1091
929
/* Main loop while running plugins exist */
1092
930
while(plugin_list){
1093
931
fd_set rfds = rfds_all;
1094
932
int select_ret = select(maxfd+1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
1095
if(select_ret == -1 and errno != EINTR){
1096
error(0, errno, "select");
1097
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
933
if (select_ret == -1){
935
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
1100
938
/* OK, now either a process completed, or something can be read
1101
939
from one of them */
1102
for(plugin *proc = plugin_list; proc != NULL;){
940
for(plugin *proc = plugin_list; proc != NULL; proc = proc->next){
1103
941
/* Is this process completely done? */
1104
if(proc->completed and proc->eof){
942
if(proc->eof and proc->completed){
1105
943
/* Only accept the plugin output if it exited cleanly */
1106
944
if(not WIFEXITED(proc->status)
1107
945
or WEXITSTATUS(proc->status) != 0){
1108
946
/* Bad exit by plugin */
1111
949
if(WIFEXITED(proc->status)){
1112
fprintf(stderr, "Plugin %s [%" PRIdMAX "] exited with"
1113
" status %d\n", proc->name,
1114
(intmax_t) (proc->pid),
950
fprintf(stderr, "Plugin %u exited with status %d\n",
951
(unsigned int) (proc->pid),
1115
952
WEXITSTATUS(proc->status));
1116
} else if(WIFSIGNALED(proc->status)){
1117
fprintf(stderr, "Plugin %s [%" PRIdMAX "] killed by"
1118
" signal %d: %s\n", proc->name,
1119
(intmax_t) (proc->pid),
1120
WTERMSIG(proc->status),
1121
strsignal(WTERMSIG(proc->status)));
953
} else if(WIFSIGNALED(proc->status)) {
954
fprintf(stderr, "Plugin %u killed by signal %d\n",
955
(unsigned int) (proc->pid),
956
WTERMSIG(proc->status));
1122
957
} else if(WCOREDUMP(proc->status)){
1123
fprintf(stderr, "Plugin %s [%" PRIdMAX "] dumped"
1124
" core\n", proc->name, (intmax_t) (proc->pid));
958
fprintf(stderr, "Plugin %d dumped core\n",
959
(unsigned int) (proc->pid));
1128
963
/* Remove the plugin */
1129
FD_CLR(proc->fd, &rfds_all); /* Spurious warning from
964
FD_CLR(proc->fd, &rfds_all);
1132
966
/* Block signal while modifying process_list */
1133
ret = (int)TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(sigprocmask
1135
&sigchld_action.sa_mask,
967
ret = sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &sigchld_action.sa_mask, NULL);
1138
error(0, errno, "sigprocmask");
1139
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
969
perror("sigprocmask");
970
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
1143
plugin *next_plugin = proc->next;
1144
973
free_plugin(proc);
1147
974
/* We are done modifying process list, so unblock signal */
1148
ret = (int)(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY
1149
(sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK,
1150
&sigchld_action.sa_mask, NULL)));
975
ret = sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &sigchld_action.sa_mask,
1152
error(0, errno, "sigprocmask");
1153
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
978
perror("sigprocmask");
979
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
1157
983
if(plugin_list == NULL){
1164
989
/* This process exited nicely, so print its buffer */
1166
991
bool bret = print_out_password(proc->buffer,
1167
992
proc->buffer_length);
1169
error(0, errno, "print_out_password");
1170
exitstatus = EX_IOERR;
994
perror("print_out_password");
995
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
1175
1000
/* This process has not completed. Does it have any output? */
1176
if(proc->eof or not FD_ISSET(proc->fd, &rfds)){ /* Spurious
1001
if(proc->eof or not FD_ISSET(proc->fd, &rfds)){
1179
1002
/* This process had nothing to say at this time */
1183
1005
/* Before reading, make the process' data buffer large enough */
1184
1006
if(proc->buffer_length + BUFFER_SIZE > proc->buffer_size){
1185
1007
proc->buffer = realloc(proc->buffer, proc->buffer_size
1186
1008
+ (size_t) BUFFER_SIZE);
1187
if(proc->buffer == NULL){
1188
error(0, errno, "malloc");
1189
exitstatus = EX_OSERR;
1009
if (proc->buffer == NULL){
1011
exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
1192
1014
proc->buffer_size += BUFFER_SIZE;
1194
1016
/* Read from the process */
1195
sret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(proc->fd,
1197
+ proc->buffer_length,
1017
ret = read(proc->fd, proc->buffer + proc->buffer_length,
1200
1020
/* Read error from this process; ignore the error */
1206
1025
proc->eof = true;
1208
proc->buffer_length += (size_t) sret;
1027
proc->buffer_length += (size_t) ret;
1216
if(plugin_list == NULL or (exitstatus != EXIT_SUCCESS
1217
and exitstatus != EX_OK)){
1035
if(plugin_list == NULL or exitstatus != EXIT_SUCCESS){
1218
1036
/* Fallback if all plugins failed, none are found or an error