160
122
</refsynopsisdiv>
162
124
<refsect1 id="description">
163
125
<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
165
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> is a client program that
166
communicates with <citerefentry><refentrytitle
167
>mandos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
168
to get a password. In slightly more detail, this client program
169
brings up network interfaces, uses the interfaces’ IPv6
170
link-local addresses to get network connectivity, uses Zeroconf
171
to find servers on the local network, and communicates with
172
servers using TLS with a raw public key to ensure authenticity
173
and confidentiality. This client program keeps running, trying
174
all servers on the network, until it receives a satisfactory
175
reply or a TERM signal. After all servers have been tried, all
176
servers are periodically retried. If no servers are found it
177
will wait indefinitely for new servers to appear.
180
The network interfaces are selected like this: If any interfaces
181
are specified using the <option>--interface</option> option,
182
those interface are used. Otherwise,
183
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> will use all interfaces that
184
are not loopback interfaces, are not point-to-point interfaces,
185
are capable of broadcasting and do not have the NOARP flag (see
186
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>netdevice</refentrytitle>
187
<manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). (If the
188
<option>--connect</option> option is used, point-to-point
189
interfaces and non-broadcast interfaces are accepted.) If any
190
used interfaces are not up and running, they are first taken up
191
(and later taken down again on program exit).
194
Before network interfaces are selected, all <quote>network
195
hooks</quote> are run; see <xref linkend="network-hooks"/>.
198
This program is not meant to be run directly; it is really meant
199
to be run by other programs in the initial
200
<acronym>RAM</acronym> disk environment; see <xref
201
linkend="overview"/>.
205
<refsect1 id="purpose">
206
<title>PURPOSE</title>
208
The purpose of this is to enable <emphasis>remote and unattended
209
rebooting</emphasis> of client host computer with an
210
<emphasis>encrypted root file system</emphasis>. See <xref
211
linkend="overview"/> for details.
127
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> is a mandos plugin that works
128
like a client program that through avahi detects mandos servers,
129
sets up a gnutls connect and request a encrypted password. Any
130
passwords given is automaticly decrypted and passed to
215
135
<refsect1 id="options">
216
136
<title>OPTIONS</title>
218
This program is commonly not invoked from the command line; it
219
is normally started by another program as described in <xref
220
linkend="description"/>. Any command line options this program
221
accepts are therefore normally provided by the invoking program,
138
Commonly not invoked as command lines but from configuration
139
file of plugin runner.
227
144
<term><option>--connect=<replaceable
228
>ADDRESS</replaceable><literal>:</literal><replaceable
145
>IPADDR</replaceable><literal>:</literal><replaceable
229
146
>PORT</replaceable></option></term>
231
<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable><literal>:</literal
148
<replaceable>IPADDR</replaceable><literal>:</literal
232
149
><replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></term>
235
Do not use Zeroconf to locate servers. Connect directly
236
to only one specified <application>Mandos</application>
237
server. Note that an IPv6 address has colon characters in
238
it, so the <emphasis>last</emphasis> colon character is
239
assumed to separate the address from the port number.
152
Connect directly to a specified mandos server
158
<term><option>--keydir=<replaceable
159
>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></term>
161
<replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></term>
242
Normally, Zeroconf would be used to locate Mandos servers,
243
in which case this option would only be used when testing
164
Directory where the openpgp keyring is
250
<term><option>--interface=<replaceable
251
>NAME</replaceable><arg rep='repeat'>,<replaceable
252
>NAME</replaceable></arg></option></term>
170
<term><option>--interface=
171
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></term>
254
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable><arg rep='repeat'>,<replaceable
255
>NAME</replaceable></arg></option></term>
173
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></term>
258
Comma separated list of network interfaces that will be
259
brought up and scanned for Mandos servers to connect to.
260
The default is the empty string, which will automatically
261
use all appropriate interfaces.
264
If the <option>--connect</option> option is used, and
265
exactly one interface name is specified (except
266
<quote><literal>none</literal></quote>), this specifies
267
the interface to use to connect to the address given.
270
Note that since this program will normally run in the
271
initial RAM disk environment, the interface must be an
272
interface which exists at that stage. Thus, the interface
273
can normally not be a pseudo-interface such as
274
<quote>br0</quote> or <quote>tun0</quote>; such interfaces
275
will not exist until much later in the boot process, and
276
can not be used by this program, unless created by a
277
<quote>network hook</quote> — see <xref
278
linkend="network-hooks"/>.
281
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable> can be the string
282
<quote><literal>none</literal></quote>; this will make
283
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> only bring up interfaces
284
specified <emphasis>before</emphasis> this string. This
285
is not recommended, and only meant for advanced users.
176
Interface that Avahi will connect through
291
182
<term><option>--pubkey=<replaceable
292
183
>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
308
197
<replaceable>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
311
OpenPGP secret key file name. The default name is
312
<quote><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/seckey.txt</filename
200
Secret OpenPGP key for GnuTLS authentication
319
<term><option>--tls-pubkey=<replaceable
320
>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
322
<replaceable>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
325
TLS raw public key file name. The default name is
326
<quote><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/tls-pubkey.pem</filename
333
<term><option>--tls-privkey=<replaceable
334
>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
336
<replaceable>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
339
TLS secret key file name. The default name is
340
<quote><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/tls-privkey.pem</filename
347
206
<term><option>--priority=<replaceable
348
207
>STRING</replaceable></option></term>
350
<xi:include href="../mandos-options.xml"
351
xpointer="priority"/>
356
216
<term><option>--dh-bits=<replaceable
357
217
>BITS</replaceable></option></term>
360
Sets the number of bits to use for the prime number in the
361
TLS Diffie-Hellman key exchange. The default value is
362
selected automatically based on the GnuTLS security
363
profile set in its priority string. Note that if the
364
<option>--dh-params</option> option is used, the values
365
from that file will be used instead.
371
<term><option>--dh-params=<replaceable
372
>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
375
Specifies a PEM-encoded PKCS#3 file to read the parameters
376
needed by the TLS Diffie-Hellman key exchange from. If
377
this option is not given, or if the file for some reason
378
could not be used, the parameters will be generated on
379
startup, which will take some time and processing power.
380
Those using servers running under time, power or processor
381
constraints may want to generate such a file in advance
388
<term><option>--delay=<replaceable
389
>SECONDS</replaceable></option></term>
392
After bringing a network interface up, the program waits
393
for the interface to arrive in a <quote>running</quote>
394
state before proceeding. During this time, the kernel log
395
level will be lowered to reduce clutter on the system
396
console, alleviating any other plugins which might be
397
using the system console. This option sets the upper
398
limit of seconds to wait. The default is 2.5 seconds.
404
<term><option>--retry=<replaceable
405
>SECONDS</replaceable></option></term>
408
All Mandos servers are tried repeatedly until a password
409
is received. This value specifies, in seconds, how long
410
between each successive try <emphasis>for the same
411
server</emphasis>. The default is 10 seconds.
417
<term><option>--network-hook-dir=<replaceable
418
>DIR</replaceable></option></term>
421
Network hook directory. The default directory is
422
<quote><filename class="directory"
423
>/lib/mandos/network-hooks.d</filename></quote>.
220
DH bits to use in gnutls communication
455
245
<term><option>--usage</option></term>
458
Gives a short usage message.
248
Gives a short usage message
464
254
<term><option>--version</option></term>
465
255
<term><option>-V</option></term>
468
Prints the program version.
258
Prints the program version
475
<refsect1 id="overview">
476
<title>OVERVIEW</title>
477
<xi:include href="../overview.xml"/>
479
This program is the client part. It is run automatically in an
480
initial <acronym>RAM</acronym> disk environment.
483
In an initial <acronym>RAM</acronym> disk environment using
484
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle>
485
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, this program is started
486
by the <application>Mandos</application> <citerefentry>
487
<refentrytitle>password-agent</refentrytitle>
488
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>, which in turn is
489
started automatically by the <citerefentry>
490
<refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
491
</citerefentry> <quote>Password Agent</quote> system.
494
In the case of a non-<citerefentry>
495
<refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
496
</citerefentry> environment, this program is started as a plugin
497
of the <application>Mandos</application> <citerefentry>
498
<refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
499
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>, which runs in the
500
initial <acronym>RAM</acronym> disk environment because it is
501
specified as a <quote>keyscript</quote> in the <citerefentry>
502
<refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
503
</citerefentry> file.
506
This program could, theoretically, be used as a keyscript in
507
<filename>/etc/crypttab</filename>, but it would then be
508
impossible to enter a password for the encrypted root disk at
509
the console, since this program does not read from the console
514
265
<refsect1 id="exit_status">
515
266
<title>EXIT STATUS</title>
517
This program will exit with a successful (zero) exit status if a
518
server could be found and the password received from it could be
519
successfully decrypted and output on standard output. The
520
program will exit with a non-zero exit status only if a critical
521
error occurs. Otherwise, it will forever connect to any
522
discovered <application>Mandos</application> servers, trying to
523
get a decryptable password and print it.
527
271
<refsect1 id="environment">
528
272
<title>ENVIRONMENT</title>
531
<term><envar>MANDOSPLUGINHELPERDIR</envar></term>
534
This environment variable will be assumed to contain the
535
directory containing any helper executables. The use and
536
nature of these helper executables, if any, is purposely
543
This program does not use any other environment variables, not
544
even the ones provided by <citerefentry><refentrytitle
545
>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
550
<refsect1 id="network-hooks">
551
<title>NETWORK HOOKS</title>
553
If a network interface like a bridge or tunnel is required to
554
find a Mandos server, this requires the interface to be up and
555
running before <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> starts looking
556
for Mandos servers. This can be accomplished by creating a
557
<quote>network hook</quote> program, and placing it in a special
561
Before the network is used (and again before program exit), any
562
runnable programs found in the network hook directory are run
563
with the argument <quote><literal>start</literal></quote> or
564
<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>. This should bring up or
565
down, respectively, any network interface which
566
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> should use.
568
<refsect2 id="hook-requirements">
569
<title>REQUIREMENTS</title>
571
A network hook must be an executable file, and its name must
572
consist entirely of upper and lower case letters, digits,
573
underscores, periods, and hyphens.
576
A network hook will receive one argument, which can be one of
581
<term><literal>start</literal></term>
584
This should make the network hook create (if necessary)
585
and bring up a network interface.
590
<term><literal>stop</literal></term>
593
This should make the network hook take down a network
594
interface, and delete it if it did not exist previously.
599
<term><literal>files</literal></term>
602
This should make the network hook print, <emphasis>one
603
file per line</emphasis>, all the files needed for it to
604
run. (These files will be copied into the initial RAM
605
filesystem.) Typical use is for a network hook which is
606
a shell script to print its needed binaries.
609
It is not necessary to print any non-executable files
610
already in the network hook directory, these will be
611
copied implicitly if they otherwise satisfy the name
617
<term><literal>modules</literal></term>
620
This should make the network hook print, <emphasis>on
621
separate lines</emphasis>, all the kernel modules needed
622
for it to run. (These modules will be copied into the
623
initial RAM filesystem.) For instance, a tunnel
625
<quote><literal>tun</literal></quote> module.
631
The network hook will be provided with a number of environment
636
<term><envar>MANDOSNETHOOKDIR</envar></term>
639
The network hook directory, specified to
640
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> by the
641
<option>--network-hook-dir</option> option. Note: this
642
should <emphasis>always</emphasis> be used by the
643
network hook to refer to itself or any files in the hook
644
directory it may require.
649
<term><envar>DEVICE</envar></term>
652
The network interfaces, as specified to
653
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> by the
654
<option>--interface</option> option, combined to one
655
string and separated by commas. If this is set, and
656
does not contain the interface a hook will bring up,
657
there is no reason for a hook to continue.
662
<term><envar>MODE</envar></term>
665
This will be the same as the first argument;
666
i.e. <quote><literal>start</literal></quote>,
667
<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>,
668
<quote><literal>files</literal></quote>, or
669
<quote><literal>modules</literal></quote>.
674
<term><envar>VERBOSITY</envar></term>
677
This will be the <quote><literal>1</literal></quote> if
678
the <option>--debug</option> option is passed to
679
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>, otherwise
680
<quote><literal>0</literal></quote>.
685
<term><envar>DELAY</envar></term>
688
This will be the same as the <option>--delay</option>
689
option passed to <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>. Is
690
only set if <envar>MODE</envar> is
691
<quote><literal>start</literal></quote> or
692
<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>.
697
<term><envar>CONNECT</envar></term>
700
This will be the same as the <option>--connect</option>
701
option passed to <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>. Is
702
only set if <option>--connect</option> is passed and
703
<envar>MODE</envar> is
704
<quote><literal>start</literal></quote> or
705
<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>.
711
A hook may not read from standard input, and should be
712
restrictive in printing to standard output or standard error
713
unless <varname>VERBOSITY</varname> is
714
<quote><literal>1</literal></quote>.
719
<refsect1 id="files">
720
278
<title>FILES</title>
723
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/pubkey.txt</filename
725
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/seckey.txt</filename
729
OpenPGP public and private key files, in <quote>ASCII
730
Armor</quote> format. These are the default file names,
731
they can be changed with the <option>--pubkey</option> and
732
<option>--seckey</option> options.
737
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/tls-pubkey.pem</filename
739
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/tls-privkey.pem</filename
743
Public and private raw key files, in <quote>PEM</quote>
744
format. These are the default file names, they can be
745
changed with the <option>--tls-pubkey</option> and
746
<option>--tls-privkey</option> options.
752
class="directory">/lib/mandos/network-hooks.d</filename></term>
755
Directory where network hooks are located. Change this
756
with the <option>--network-hook-dir</option> option. See
757
<xref linkend="network-hooks"/>.
764
283
<refsect1 id="bugs">
765
284
<title>BUGS</title>
766
<xi:include href="../bugs.xml"/>
769
289
<refsect1 id="example">
770
290
<title>EXAMPLE</title>
772
Note that normally, command line options will not be given
773
directly, but passed on via the program responsible for starting
774
this program; see <xref linkend="overview"/>.
778
Normal invocation needs no options, if the network interfaces
779
can be automatically determined:
782
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME;</userinput>
787
Search for Mandos servers (and connect to them) using one
791
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
792
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --interface eth1</userinput>
797
Run in debug mode, and use custom keys:
801
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
802
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --debug --pubkey keydir/pubkey.txt --seckey keydir/seckey.txt --tls-pubkey keydir/tls-pubkey.pem --tls-privkey keydir/tls-privkey.pem</userinput>
808
Run in debug mode, with custom keys, and do not use Zeroconf
809
to locate a server; connect directly to the IPv6 link-local
810
address <quote><systemitem class="ipaddress"
811
>fe80::aede:48ff:fe71:f6f2</systemitem></quote>, port 4711,
812
using interface eth2:
816
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
817
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --debug --pubkey keydir/pubkey.txt --seckey keydir/seckey.txt --tls-pubkey keydir/tls-pubkey.pem --tls-privkey keydir/tls-privkey.pem --connect fe80::aede:48ff:fe71:f6f2:4711 --interface eth2</userinput>
823
295
<refsect1 id="security">
824
296
<title>SECURITY</title>
826
This program assumes that it is set-uid to root, and will switch
827
back to the original (and presumably non-privileged) user and
828
group after bringing up the network interface.
831
To use this program for its intended purpose (see <xref
832
linkend="purpose"/>), the password for the root file system will
833
have to be given out to be stored in a server computer, after
834
having been encrypted using an OpenPGP key. This encrypted data
835
which will be stored in a server can only be decrypted by the
836
OpenPGP key, and the data will only be given out to those
837
clients who can prove they actually have that key. This key,
838
however, is stored unencrypted on the client side in its initial
839
<acronym>RAM</acronym> disk image file system. This is normally
840
readable by all, but this is normally fixed during installation
841
of this program; file permissions are set so that no-one is able
845
The only remaining weak point is that someone with physical
846
access to the client hard drive might turn off the client
847
computer, read the OpenPGP and TLS keys directly from the hard
848
drive, and communicate with the server. To safeguard against
849
this, the server is supposed to notice the client disappearing
850
and stop giving out the encrypted data. Therefore, it is
851
important to set the timeout and checker interval values tightly
852
on the server. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle
853
>mandos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
856
It will also help if the checker program on the server is
857
configured to request something from the client which can not be
858
spoofed by someone else on the network, like SSH server key
859
fingerprints, and unlike unencrypted <acronym>ICMP</acronym>
860
echo (<quote>ping</quote>) replies.
863
<emphasis>Note</emphasis>: This makes it completely insecure to
864
have <application >Mandos</application> clients which dual-boot
865
to another operating system which is <emphasis>not</emphasis>
866
trusted to keep the initial <acronym>RAM</acronym> disk image
871
301
<refsect1 id="see_also">
872
302
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
874
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>intro</refentrytitle>
875
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
876
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle>
877
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
878
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle>
879
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
880
304
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos</refentrytitle>
881
305
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
882
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>password-agent</refentrytitle>
306
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>password-prompt</refentrytitle>
883
307
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
884
308
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
885
309
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>
890
<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
894
Zeroconf is the network protocol standard used for finding
895
Mandos servers on the local network.
901
<ulink url="https://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
905
Avahi is the library this program calls to find Zeroconf
912
<ulink url="https://www.gnutls.org/">GnuTLS</ulink>
916
GnuTLS is the library this client uses to implement TLS for
917
communicating securely with the server, and at the same time
918
send the public key to the server.
924
<ulink url="https://www.gnupg.org/related_software/gpgme/"
929
GPGME is the library used to decrypt the OpenPGP data sent
936
RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
937
Architecture</citetitle>
942
<term>Section 2.2: <citetitle>Text Representation of
943
Addresses</citetitle></term>
944
<listitem><para/></listitem>
947
<term>Section 2.5.5.2: <citetitle>IPv4-Mapped IPv6
948
Address</citetitle></term>
949
<listitem><para/></listitem>
952
<term>Section 2.5.6, <citetitle>Link-Local IPv6 Unicast
953
Addresses</citetitle></term>
956
This client uses IPv6 link-local addresses, which are
957
immediately usable since a link-local addresses is
958
automatically assigned to a network interface when it
968
RFC 5246: <citetitle>The Transport Layer Security (TLS)
969
Protocol Version 1.2</citetitle>
973
TLS 1.2 is the protocol implemented by GnuTLS.
979
RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message Format</citetitle>
983
The data received from the server is binary encrypted
990
RFC 7250: <citetitle>Using Raw Public Keys in Transport
991
Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
996
This is implemented by GnuTLS in version 3.6.6 and is, if
997
present, used by this program so that raw public keys can be
1004
RFC 6091: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport Layer
1005
Security</citetitle>
1009
This is implemented by GnuTLS before version 3.6.0 and is,
1010
if present, used by this program so that OpenPGP keys can be
313
<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
317
<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
322
url="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</ulink>
327
url="http://www.gnupg.org/related_software/gpgme/">
332
<citation>RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message
333
Format</citetitle></citation>
337
<citation>RFC 5081: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for
338
Transport Layer Security</citetitle></citation>
342
<citation>RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
343
Architecture</citetitle>, section 2.5.6, Link-Local IPv6
344
Unicast Addresses</citation>
1019
350
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