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# -*- mode: python; coding: utf-8 -*-
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# Mandos server - give out binary blobs to connecting clients.
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# This program is partly derived from an example program for an Avahi
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# service publisher, downloaded from
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# <http://avahi.org/wiki/PythonPublishExample>. This includes the
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# methods "add" and "remove" in the "AvahiService" class, the
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# "server_state_changed" and "entry_group_state_changed" functions,
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# and some lines in "main".
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# Copyright © 2007-2008 Teddy Hogeborn & Björn Påhlsson
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# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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# (at your option) any later version.
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# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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# GNU General Public License for more details.
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# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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# Contact the authors at <mandos@fukt.bsnet.se>.
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from __future__ import division
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from optparse import OptionParser
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import gnutls.connection
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import gnutls.library.functions
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import gnutls.library.constants
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import gnutls.library.types
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import logging.handlers
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from dbus.mainloop.glib import DBusGMainLoop
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logger = logging.Logger('mandos')
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syslogger = logging.handlers.SysLogHandler\
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(facility = logging.handlers.SysLogHandler.LOG_DAEMON,
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syslogger.setFormatter(logging.Formatter\
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('Mandos: %(levelname)s: %(message)s'))
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logger.addHandler(syslogger)
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console = logging.StreamHandler()
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console.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(name)s: %(levelname)s:'
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logger.addHandler(console)
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class AvahiError(Exception):
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def __init__(self, value):
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return repr(self.value)
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class AvahiServiceError(AvahiError):
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class AvahiGroupError(AvahiError):
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class AvahiService(object):
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"""An Avahi (Zeroconf) service.
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interface: integer; avahi.IF_UNSPEC or an interface index.
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Used to optionally bind to the specified interface.
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name: string; Example: 'Mandos'
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type: string; Example: '_mandos._tcp'.
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See <http://www.dns-sd.org/ServiceTypes.html>
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port: integer; what port to announce
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TXT: list of strings; TXT record for the service
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domain: string; Domain to publish on, default to .local if empty.
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host: string; Host to publish records for, default is localhost
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max_renames: integer; maximum number of renames
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rename_count: integer; counter so we only rename after collisions
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a sensible number of times
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def __init__(self, interface = avahi.IF_UNSPEC, name = None,
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type = None, port = None, TXT = None, domain = "",
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host = "", max_renames = 32768):
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self.interface = interface
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self.rename_count = 0
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"""Derived from the Avahi example code"""
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if self.rename_count >= self.max_renames:
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logger.critical(u"No suitable service name found after %i"
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u" retries, exiting.", rename_count)
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raise AvahiServiceError("Too many renames")
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name = server.GetAlternativeServiceName(name)
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logger.error(u"Changing name to %r ...", name)
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syslogger.setFormatter(logging.Formatter\
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('Mandos (%s): %%(levelname)s:'
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' %%(message)s' % name))
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self.rename_count += 1
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"""Derived from the Avahi example code"""
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if group is not None:
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"""Derived from the Avahi example code"""
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group = dbus.Interface\
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(bus.get_object(avahi.DBUS_NAME,
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server.EntryGroupNew()),
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avahi.DBUS_INTERFACE_ENTRY_GROUP)
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group.connect_to_signal('StateChanged',
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entry_group_state_changed)
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logger.debug(u"Adding service '%s' of type '%s' ...",
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service.name, service.type)
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self.interface, # interface
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avahi.PROTO_INET6, # protocol
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dbus.UInt32(0), # flags
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self.name, self.type,
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self.domain, self.host,
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dbus.UInt16(self.port),
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avahi.string_array_to_txt_array(self.TXT))
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# From the Avahi example code:
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group = None # our entry group
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# End of Avahi example code
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class Client(object):
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"""A representation of a client host served by this server.
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name: string; from the config file, used in log messages
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fingerprint: string (40 or 32 hexadecimal digits); used to
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uniquely identify the client
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secret: bytestring; sent verbatim (over TLS) to client
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host: string; available for use by the checker command
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created: datetime.datetime(); object creation, not client host
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last_checked_ok: datetime.datetime() or None if not yet checked OK
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timeout: datetime.timedelta(); How long from last_checked_ok
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until this client is invalid
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interval: datetime.timedelta(); How often to start a new checker
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stop_hook: If set, called by stop() as stop_hook(self)
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checker: subprocess.Popen(); a running checker process used
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to see if the client lives.
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'None' if no process is running.
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checker_initiator_tag: a gobject event source tag, or None
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stop_initiator_tag: - '' -
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checker_callback_tag: - '' -
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checker_command: string; External command which is run to check if
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client lives. %() expansions are done at
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runtime with vars(self) as dict, so that for
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instance %(name)s can be used in the command.
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_timeout: Real variable for 'timeout'
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_interval: Real variable for 'interval'
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_timeout_milliseconds: Used when calling gobject.timeout_add()
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_interval_milliseconds: - '' -
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def _set_timeout(self, timeout):
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"Setter function for 'timeout' attribute"
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self._timeout = timeout
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self._timeout_milliseconds = ((self.timeout.days
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* 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)
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+ (self.timeout.seconds * 1000)
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+ (self.timeout.microseconds
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timeout = property(lambda self: self._timeout,
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def _set_interval(self, interval):
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"Setter function for 'interval' attribute"
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self._interval = interval
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self._interval_milliseconds = ((self.interval.days
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* 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)
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+ (self.interval.seconds
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+ (self.interval.microseconds
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interval = property(lambda self: self._interval,
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def __init__(self, name = None, stop_hook=None, config={}):
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"""Note: the 'checker' key in 'config' sets the
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'checker_command' attribute and *not* the 'checker'
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logger.debug(u"Creating client %r", self.name)
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# Uppercase and remove spaces from fingerprint for later
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# comparison purposes with return value from the fingerprint()
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self.fingerprint = config["fingerprint"].upper()\
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logger.debug(u" Fingerprint: %s", self.fingerprint)
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if "secret" in config:
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self.secret = config["secret"].decode(u"base64")
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elif "secfile" in config:
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sf = open(config["secfile"])
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self.secret = sf.read()
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raise TypeError(u"No secret or secfile for client %s"
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self.host = config.get("host", "")
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self.created = datetime.datetime.now()
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self.last_checked_ok = None
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self.timeout = string_to_delta(config["timeout"])
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self.interval = string_to_delta(config["interval"])
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self.stop_hook = stop_hook
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self.checker_initiator_tag = None
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self.stop_initiator_tag = None
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self.checker_callback_tag = None
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self.check_command = config["checker"]
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"""Start this client's checker and timeout hooks"""
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# Schedule a new checker to be started an 'interval' from now,
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# and every interval from then on.
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self.checker_initiator_tag = gobject.timeout_add\
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(self._interval_milliseconds,
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# Also start a new checker *right now*.
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# Schedule a stop() when 'timeout' has passed
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self.stop_initiator_tag = gobject.timeout_add\
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(self._timeout_milliseconds,
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The possibility that a client might be restarted is left open,
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but not currently used."""
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# If this client doesn't have a secret, it is already stopped.
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if hasattr(self, "secret") and self.secret:
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logger.info(u"Stopping client %s", self.name)
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if getattr(self, "stop_initiator_tag", False):
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gobject.source_remove(self.stop_initiator_tag)
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self.stop_initiator_tag = None
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if getattr(self, "checker_initiator_tag", False):
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gobject.source_remove(self.checker_initiator_tag)
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self.checker_initiator_tag = None
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# Do not run this again if called by a gobject.timeout_add
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self.stop_hook = None
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def checker_callback(self, pid, condition):
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"""The checker has completed, so take appropriate actions."""
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now = datetime.datetime.now()
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self.checker_callback_tag = None
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if os.WIFEXITED(condition) \
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and (os.WEXITSTATUS(condition) == 0):
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logger.info(u"Checker for %(name)s succeeded",
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self.last_checked_ok = now
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gobject.source_remove(self.stop_initiator_tag)
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self.stop_initiator_tag = gobject.timeout_add\
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(self._timeout_milliseconds,
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elif not os.WIFEXITED(condition):
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logger.warning(u"Checker for %(name)s crashed?",
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logger.info(u"Checker for %(name)s failed",
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def start_checker(self):
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"""Start a new checker subprocess if one is not running.
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If a checker already exists, leave it running and do
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# The reason for not killing a running checker is that if we
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# did that, then if a checker (for some reason) started
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# running slowly and taking more than 'interval' time, the
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# client would inevitably timeout, since no checker would get
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# a chance to run to completion. If we instead leave running
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# checkers alone, the checker would have to take more time
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# than 'timeout' for the client to be declared invalid, which
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# is as it should be.
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if self.checker is None:
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# In case check_command has exactly one % operator
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command = self.check_command % self.host
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# Escape attributes for the shell
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escaped_attrs = dict((key, re.escape(str(val)))
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vars(self).iteritems())
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command = self.check_command % escaped_attrs
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except TypeError, error:
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logger.error(u'Could not format string "%s":'
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u' %s', self.check_command, error)
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return True # Try again later
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logger.info(u"Starting checker %r for %s",
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self.checker = subprocess.Popen(command,
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self.checker_callback_tag = gobject.child_watch_add\
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self.checker_callback)
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except subprocess.OSError, error:
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logger.error(u"Failed to start subprocess: %s",
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# Re-run this periodically if run by gobject.timeout_add
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def stop_checker(self):
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"""Force the checker process, if any, to stop."""
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if self.checker_callback_tag:
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gobject.source_remove(self.checker_callback_tag)
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self.checker_callback_tag = None
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if getattr(self, "checker", None) is None:
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logger.debug(u"Stopping checker for %(name)s", vars(self))
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os.kill(self.checker.pid, signal.SIGTERM)
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#if self.checker.poll() is None:
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# os.kill(self.checker.pid, signal.SIGKILL)
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except OSError, error:
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if error.errno != errno.ESRCH: # No such process
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def still_valid(self):
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"""Has the timeout not yet passed for this client?"""
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now = datetime.datetime.now()
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if self.last_checked_ok is None:
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return now < (self.created + self.timeout)
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return now < (self.last_checked_ok + self.timeout)
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def peer_certificate(session):
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"Return the peer's OpenPGP certificate as a bytestring"
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# If not an OpenPGP certificate...
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if gnutls.library.functions.gnutls_certificate_type_get\
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(session._c_object) \
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!= gnutls.library.constants.GNUTLS_CRT_OPENPGP:
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# ...do the normal thing
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return session.peer_certificate
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list_size = ctypes.c_uint()
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cert_list = gnutls.library.functions.gnutls_certificate_get_peers\
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(session._c_object, ctypes.byref(list_size))
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if list_size.value == 0:
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return ctypes.string_at(cert.data, cert.size)
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def fingerprint(openpgp):
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"Convert an OpenPGP bytestring to a hexdigit fingerprint string"
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# New GnuTLS "datum" with the OpenPGP public key
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datum = gnutls.library.types.gnutls_datum_t\
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(ctypes.cast(ctypes.c_char_p(openpgp),
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ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_ubyte)),
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ctypes.c_uint(len(openpgp)))
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# New empty GnuTLS certificate
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crt = gnutls.library.types.gnutls_openpgp_crt_t()
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gnutls.library.functions.gnutls_openpgp_crt_init\
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# Import the OpenPGP public key into the certificate
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gnutls.library.functions.gnutls_openpgp_crt_import\
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(crt, ctypes.byref(datum),
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gnutls.library.constants.GNUTLS_OPENPGP_FMT_RAW)
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# New buffer for the fingerprint
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buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(20)
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buffer_length = ctypes.c_size_t()
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# Get the fingerprint from the certificate into the buffer
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gnutls.library.functions.gnutls_openpgp_crt_get_fingerprint\
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(crt, ctypes.byref(buffer), ctypes.byref(buffer_length))
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# Deinit the certificate
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gnutls.library.functions.gnutls_openpgp_crt_deinit(crt)
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# Convert the buffer to a Python bytestring
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fpr = ctypes.string_at(buffer, buffer_length.value)
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# Convert the bytestring to hexadecimal notation
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hex_fpr = u''.join(u"%02X" % ord(char) for char in fpr)
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class tcp_handler(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler, object):
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"""A TCP request handler class.
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Instantiated by IPv6_TCPServer for each request to handle it.
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Note: This will run in its own forked process."""
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logger.info(u"TCP connection from: %s",
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unicode(self.client_address))
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session = gnutls.connection.ClientSession\
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(self.request, gnutls.connection.X509Credentials())
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line = self.request.makefile().readline()
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logger.debug(u"Protocol version: %r", line)
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if int(line.strip().split()[0]) > 1:
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except (ValueError, IndexError, RuntimeError), error:
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logger.error(u"Unknown protocol version: %s", error)
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# Note: gnutls.connection.X509Credentials is really a generic
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# GnuTLS certificate credentials object so long as no X.509
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# keys are added to it. Therefore, we can use it here despite
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# using OpenPGP certificates.
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#priority = ':'.join(("NONE", "+VERS-TLS1.1", "+AES-256-CBC",
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# "+SHA1", "+COMP-NULL", "+CTYPE-OPENPGP",
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priority = "NORMAL" # Fallback default, since this
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if self.server.settings["priority"]:
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priority = self.server.settings["priority"]
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gnutls.library.functions.gnutls_priority_set_direct\
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(session._c_object, priority, None);
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except gnutls.errors.GNUTLSError, error:
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logger.warning(u"Handshake failed: %s", error)
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# Do not run session.bye() here: the session is not
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# established. Just abandon the request.
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fpr = fingerprint(peer_certificate(session))
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except (TypeError, gnutls.errors.GNUTLSError), error:
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logger.warning(u"Bad certificate: %s", error)
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logger.debug(u"Fingerprint: %s", fpr)
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for c in self.server.clients:
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if c.fingerprint == fpr:
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logger.warning(u"Client not found for fingerprint: %s",
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# Have to check if client.still_valid(), since it is possible
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# that the client timed out while establishing the GnuTLS
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if not client.still_valid():
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logger.warning(u"Client %(name)s is invalid",
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while sent_size < len(client.secret):
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sent = session.send(client.secret[sent_size:])
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logger.debug(u"Sent: %d, remaining: %d",
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sent, len(client.secret)
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- (sent_size + sent))
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class IPv6_TCPServer(SocketServer.ForkingTCPServer, object):
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"""IPv6 TCP server. Accepts 'None' as address and/or port.
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settings: Server settings
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clients: Set() of Client objects
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address_family = socket.AF_INET6
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def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
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if "settings" in kwargs:
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self.settings = kwargs["settings"]
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del kwargs["settings"]
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if "clients" in kwargs:
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self.clients = kwargs["clients"]
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del kwargs["clients"]
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return super(type(self), self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
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def server_bind(self):
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"""This overrides the normal server_bind() function
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to bind to an interface if one was specified, and also NOT to
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bind to an address or port if they were not specified."""
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if self.settings["interface"]:
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# 25 is from /usr/include/asm-i486/socket.h
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SO_BINDTODEVICE = getattr(socket, "SO_BINDTODEVICE", 25)
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self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,
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self.settings["interface"])
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except socket.error, error:
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if error[0] == errno.EPERM:
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logger.error(u"No permission to"
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u" bind to interface %s",
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self.settings["interface"])
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# Only bind(2) the socket if we really need to.
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if self.server_address[0] or self.server_address[1]:
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if not self.server_address[0]:
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self.server_address = (in6addr_any,
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self.server_address[1])
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elif not self.server_address[1]:
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self.server_address = (self.server_address[0],
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# if self.settings["interface"]:
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# self.server_address = (self.server_address[0],
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return super(type(self), self).server_bind()
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def string_to_delta(interval):
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"""Parse a string and return a datetime.timedelta
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>>> string_to_delta('7d')
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datetime.timedelta(7)
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>>> string_to_delta('60s')
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datetime.timedelta(0, 60)
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>>> string_to_delta('60m')
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datetime.timedelta(0, 3600)
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>>> string_to_delta('24h')
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datetime.timedelta(1)
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>>> string_to_delta(u'1w')
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datetime.timedelta(7)
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suffix=unicode(interval[-1])
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value=int(interval[:-1])
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delta = datetime.timedelta(value)
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delta = datetime.timedelta(0, value)
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delta = datetime.timedelta(0, 0, 0, 0, value)
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delta = datetime.timedelta(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, value)
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delta = datetime.timedelta(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, value)
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except (ValueError, IndexError):
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def server_state_changed(state):
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"""Derived from the Avahi example code"""
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if state == avahi.SERVER_COLLISION:
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logger.error(u"Server name collision")
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elif state == avahi.SERVER_RUNNING:
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def entry_group_state_changed(state, error):
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"""Derived from the Avahi example code"""
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logger.debug(u"state change: %i", state)
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if state == avahi.ENTRY_GROUP_ESTABLISHED:
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logger.debug(u"Service established.")
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elif state == avahi.ENTRY_GROUP_COLLISION:
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logger.warning(u"Service name collision.")
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elif state == avahi.ENTRY_GROUP_FAILURE:
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logger.critical(u"Error in group state changed %s",
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raise AvahiGroupError("State changed: %s", str(error))
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def if_nametoindex(interface):
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"""Call the C function if_nametoindex(), or equivalent"""
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global if_nametoindex
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if "ctypes.util" not in sys.modules:
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if_nametoindex = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary\
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(ctypes.util.find_library("c")).if_nametoindex
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except (OSError, AttributeError):
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if "struct" not in sys.modules:
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if "fcntl" not in sys.modules:
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def if_nametoindex(interface):
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"Get an interface index the hard way, i.e. using fcntl()"
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SIOCGIFINDEX = 0x8933 # From /usr/include/linux/sockios.h
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ifreq = fcntl.ioctl(s, SIOCGIFINDEX,
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struct.pack("16s16x", interface))
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interface_index = struct.unpack("I", ifreq[16:20])[0]
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return interface_index
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return if_nametoindex(interface)
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def daemon(nochdir = False, noclose = False):
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"""See daemon(3). Standard BSD Unix function.
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This should really exist as os.daemon, but it doesn't (yet)."""
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# Close all standard open file descriptors
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null = os.open(os.path.devnull, os.O_NOCTTY | os.O_RDWR)
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if not stat.S_ISCHR(os.fstat(null).st_mode):
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raise OSError(errno.ENODEV,
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"/dev/null not a character device")
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os.dup2(null, sys.stdin.fileno())
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os.dup2(null, sys.stdout.fileno())
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os.dup2(null, sys.stderr.fileno())
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global main_loop_started
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main_loop_started = False
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parser = OptionParser(version = "%%prog %s" % version)
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parser.add_option("-i", "--interface", type="string",
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metavar="IF", help="Bind to interface IF")
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parser.add_option("-a", "--address", type="string",
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help="Address to listen for requests on")
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parser.add_option("-p", "--port", type="int",
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help="Port number to receive requests on")
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parser.add_option("--check", action="store_true", default=False,
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help="Run self-test")
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parser.add_option("--debug", action="store_true",
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help="Debug mode; run in foreground and log to"
673
parser.add_option("--priority", type="string", help="GnuTLS"
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" priority string (see GnuTLS documentation)")
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parser.add_option("--servicename", type="string", metavar="NAME",
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help="Zeroconf service name")
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parser.add_option("--configdir", type="string",
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default="/etc/mandos", metavar="DIR",
679
help="Directory to search for configuration"
681
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
688
# Default values for config file for server-global settings
689
server_defaults = { "interface": "",
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"SECURE256:!CTYPE-X.509:+CTYPE-OPENPGP",
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"servicename": "Mandos",
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# Parse config file for server-global settings
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server_config = ConfigParser.SafeConfigParser(server_defaults)
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server_config.read(os.path.join(options.configdir, "mandos.conf"))
702
server_section = "server"
703
# Convert the SafeConfigParser object to a dict
704
server_settings = dict(server_config.items(server_section))
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# Use getboolean on the boolean config option
706
server_settings["debug"] = server_config.getboolean\
707
(server_section, "debug")
710
# Override the settings from the config file with command line
712
for option in ("interface", "address", "port", "debug",
713
"priority", "servicename", "configdir"):
714
value = getattr(options, option)
715
if value is not None:
716
server_settings[option] = value
718
# Now we have our good server settings in "server_settings"
720
debug = server_settings["debug"]
723
syslogger.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
724
console.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
726
if server_settings["servicename"] != "Mandos":
727
syslogger.setFormatter(logging.Formatter\
728
('Mandos (%s): %%(levelname)s:'
730
% server_settings["servicename"]))
732
# Parse config file with clients
733
client_defaults = { "timeout": "1h",
735
"checker": "fping -q -- %%(host)s",
737
client_config = ConfigParser.SafeConfigParser(client_defaults)
738
client_config.read(os.path.join(server_settings["configdir"],
742
service = AvahiService(name = server_settings["servicename"],
743
type = "_mandos._tcp", );
744
if server_settings["interface"]:
745
service.interface = if_nametoindex(server_settings["interface"])
750
# From the Avahi example code
751
DBusGMainLoop(set_as_default=True )
752
main_loop = gobject.MainLoop()
753
bus = dbus.SystemBus()
754
server = dbus.Interface(
755
bus.get_object( avahi.DBUS_NAME, avahi.DBUS_PATH_SERVER ),
756
avahi.DBUS_INTERFACE_SERVER )
757
# End of Avahi example code
760
def remove_from_clients(client):
761
clients.remove(client)
763
logger.critical(u"No clients left, exiting")
766
clients.update(Set(Client(name = section,
767
stop_hook = remove_from_clients,
769
= dict(client_config.items(section)))
770
for section in client_config.sections()))
772
logger.critical(u"No clients defined")
776
logger.removeHandler(console)
779
pidfilename = "/var/run/mandos/mandos.pid"
782
pidfile = open(pidfilename, "w")
783
pidfile.write(str(pid) + "\n")
787
logger.error(u"Could not write %s file with PID %d",
788
pidfilename, os.getpid())
791
"Cleanup function; run on exit"
793
# From the Avahi example code
794
if not group is None:
797
# End of Avahi example code
800
client = clients.pop()
801
client.stop_hook = None
804
atexit.register(cleanup)
807
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.SIG_IGN)
808
signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, lambda signum, frame: sys.exit())
809
signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, lambda signum, frame: sys.exit())
811
for client in clients:
814
tcp_server = IPv6_TCPServer((server_settings["address"],
815
server_settings["port"]),
817
settings=server_settings,
819
# Find out what port we got
820
service.port = tcp_server.socket.getsockname()[1]
821
logger.info(u"Now listening on address %r, port %d, flowinfo %d,"
822
u" scope_id %d" % tcp_server.socket.getsockname())
824
#service.interface = tcp_server.socket.getsockname()[3]
827
# From the Avahi example code
828
server.connect_to_signal("StateChanged", server_state_changed)
830
server_state_changed(server.GetState())
831
except dbus.exceptions.DBusException, error:
832
logger.critical(u"DBusException: %s", error)
834
# End of Avahi example code
836
gobject.io_add_watch(tcp_server.fileno(), gobject.IO_IN,
837
lambda *args, **kwargs:
838
tcp_server.handle_request\
839
(*args[2:], **kwargs) or True)
841
logger.debug(u"Starting main loop")
842
main_loop_started = True
844
except AvahiError, error:
845
logger.critical(u"AvahiError: %s" + unicode(error))
847
except KeyboardInterrupt:
851
if __name__ == '__main__':