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<!ENTITY VERSION "1.0">
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<!ENTITY COMMANDNAME "password-request">
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<!ENTITY TIMESTAMP "2008-08-31">
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<!ENTITY COMMANDNAME "mandos-client">
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<!ENTITY TIMESTAMP "2019-02-10">
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<!ENTITY % common SYSTEM "../common.ent">
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<refentry xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<title>Mandos Manual</title>
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<!-- NWalsh's docbook scripts use this to generate the footer: -->
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<!-- NWalsh’s docbook scripts use this to generate the footer: -->
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<productname>Mandos</productname>
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<productnumber>&VERSION;</productnumber>
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<productnumber>&version;</productnumber>
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<date>&TIMESTAMP;</date>
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<firstname>Björn</firstname>
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<surname>Påhlsson</surname>
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<email>belorn@fukt.bsnet.se</email>
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<email>belorn@recompile.se</email>
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<firstname>Teddy</firstname>
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<surname>Hogeborn</surname>
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<email>teddy@fukt.bsnet.se</email>
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<email>teddy@recompile.se</email>
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<holder>Teddy Hogeborn & Björn Påhlsson</holder>
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<holder>Teddy Hogeborn</holder>
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<holder>Björn Påhlsson</holder>
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This manual page is free software: you can redistribute it
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and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
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License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
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either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
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This manual page is distributed in the hope that it will
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be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
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implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
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PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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License along with this program; If not, see
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<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/"/>.
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<xi:include href="../legalnotice.xml"/>
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<refentrytitle>&COMMANDNAME;</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum>
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<option>--dh-params <replaceable>FILE</replaceable></option>
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<option>--delay <replaceable>SECONDS</replaceable></option>
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<option>--retry <replaceable>SECONDS</replaceable></option>
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<option>--network-hook-dir
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<replaceable>DIR</replaceable></option>
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<option>--debug</option>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<group choice="req">
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<arg choice='plain'><option>--help</option></arg>
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<arg choice='plain'><option>-?</option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>--help</option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>-?</option></arg>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<arg choice='plain'><option>--usage</option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>--usage</option></arg>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
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<group choice="req">
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<arg choice='plain'><option>--version</option></arg>
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<arg choice='plain'><option>-V</option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>--version</option></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><option>-V</option></arg>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1 id="description">
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<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> is a mandos plugin that works
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like a client program that through avahi detects mandos servers,
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sets up a gnutls connect and request a encrypted password. Any
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passwords given is automaticly decrypted and passed to
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> is a client program that
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communicates with <citerefentry><refentrytitle
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>mandos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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to get a password. In slightly more detail, this client program
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brings up network interfaces, uses the interfaces’ IPv6
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link-local addresses to get network connectivity, uses Zeroconf
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to find servers on the local network, and communicates with
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servers using TLS with a raw public key to ensure authenticity
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and confidentiality. This client program keeps running, trying
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all servers on the network, until it receives a satisfactory
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reply or a TERM signal. After all servers have been tried, all
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servers are periodically retried. If no servers are found it
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will wait indefinitely for new servers to appear.
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The network interfaces are selected like this: If any interfaces
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are specified using the <option>--interface</option> option,
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those interface are used. Otherwise,
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> will use all interfaces that
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are not loopback interfaces, are not point-to-point interfaces,
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are capable of broadcasting and do not have the NOARP flag (see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>netdevice</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). (If the
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<option>--connect</option> option is used, point-to-point
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interfaces and non-broadcast interfaces are accepted.) If any
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used interfaces are not up and running, they are first taken up
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(and later taken down again on program exit).
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Before network interfaces are selected, all <quote>network
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hooks</quote> are run; see <xref linkend="network-hooks"/>.
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This program is not meant to be run directly; it is really meant
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to run as a plugin of the <application>Mandos</application>
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>, which runs in the
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initial <acronym>RAM</acronym> disk environment because it is
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specified as a <quote>keyscript</quote> in the <citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
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</citerefentry> file.
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<refsect1 id="purpose">
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<title>PURPOSE</title>
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The purpose of this is to enable <emphasis>remote and unattended
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rebooting</emphasis> of client host computer with an
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<emphasis>encrypted root file system</emphasis>. See <xref
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linkend="overview"/> for details.
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<refsect1 id="options">
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<title>OPTIONS</title>
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Commonly not invoked as command lines but from configuration
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file of plugin runner.
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This program is commonly not invoked from the command line; it
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is normally started by the <application>Mandos</application>
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plugin runner, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle
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>plugin-runner</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum>
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</citerefentry>. Any command line options this program accepts
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are therefore normally provided by the plugin runner, and not
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<term><option>--connect=<replaceable
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>IPADDR</replaceable><literal>:</literal><replaceable
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>ADDRESS</replaceable><literal>:</literal><replaceable
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>PORT</replaceable></option></term>
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<replaceable>IPADDR</replaceable><literal>:</literal
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<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable><literal>:</literal
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><replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></term>
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Connect directly to a specified mandos server
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Do not use Zeroconf to locate servers. Connect directly
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to only one specified <application>Mandos</application>
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server. Note that an IPv6 address has colon characters in
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it, so the <emphasis>last</emphasis> colon character is
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assumed to separate the address from the port number.
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<term><option>--keydir=<replaceable
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>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></term>
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<replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></term>
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Directory where the openpgp keyring is
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Normally, Zeroconf would be used to locate Mandos servers,
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in which case this option would only be used when testing
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<term><option>--interface=
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<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></term>
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<term><option>--interface=<replaceable
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>NAME</replaceable><arg rep='repeat'>,<replaceable
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>NAME</replaceable></arg></option></term>
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<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></term>
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<replaceable>NAME</replaceable><arg rep='repeat'>,<replaceable
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>NAME</replaceable></arg></option></term>
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Interface that Avahi will connect through
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Comma separated list of network interfaces that will be
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brought up and scanned for Mandos servers to connect to.
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The default is the empty string, which will automatically
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use all appropriate interfaces.
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If the <option>--connect</option> option is used, and
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exactly one interface name is specified (except
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<quote><literal>none</literal></quote>), this specifies
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the interface to use to connect to the address given.
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Note that since this program will normally run in the
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initial RAM disk environment, the interface must be an
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interface which exists at that stage. Thus, the interface
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can normally not be a pseudo-interface such as
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<quote>br0</quote> or <quote>tun0</quote>; such interfaces
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will not exist until much later in the boot process, and
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can not be used by this program, unless created by a
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<quote>network hook</quote> — see <xref
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linkend="network-hooks"/>.
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<replaceable>NAME</replaceable> can be the string
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<quote><literal>none</literal></quote>; this will make
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> only bring up interfaces
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specified <emphasis>before</emphasis> this string. This
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is not recommended, and only meant for advanced users.
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<term><option>--pubkey=<replaceable
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>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
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<replaceable>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
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Secret OpenPGP key for GnuTLS authentication
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OpenPGP secret key file name. The default name is
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<quote><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/seckey.txt</filename
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<term><option>--tls-pubkey=<replaceable
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>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
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<replaceable>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
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TLS raw public key file name. The default name is
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<quote><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/tls-pubkey.pem</filename
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<term><option>--tls-privkey=<replaceable
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>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
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<replaceable>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
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TLS secret key file name. The default name is
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<quote><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/tls-privkey.pem</filename
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<term><option>--priority=<replaceable
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>STRING</replaceable></option></term>
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<xi:include href="../mandos-options.xml"
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xpointer="priority"/>
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<term><option>--dh-bits=<replaceable
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>BITS</replaceable></option></term>
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DH bits to use in gnutls communication
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Sets the number of bits to use for the prime number in the
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TLS Diffie-Hellman key exchange. The default value is
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selected automatically based on the GnuTLS security
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profile set in its priority string. Note that if the
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<option>--dh-params</option> option is used, the values
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from that file will be used instead.
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<term><option>--dh-params=<replaceable
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>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
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Specifies a PEM-encoded PKCS#3 file to read the parameters
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needed by the TLS Diffie-Hellman key exchange from. If
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this option is not given, or if the file for some reason
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could not be used, the parameters will be generated on
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startup, which will take some time and processing power.
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Those using servers running under time, power or processor
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constraints may want to generate such a file in advance
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<term><option>--delay=<replaceable
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>SECONDS</replaceable></option></term>
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After bringing a network interface up, the program waits
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for the interface to arrive in a <quote>running</quote>
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state before proceeding. During this time, the kernel log
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level will be lowered to reduce clutter on the system
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console, alleviating any other plugins which might be
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using the system console. This option sets the upper
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limit of seconds to wait. The default is 2.5 seconds.
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<term><option>--retry=<replaceable
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>SECONDS</replaceable></option></term>
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All Mandos servers are tried repeatedly until a password
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is received. This value specifies, in seconds, how long
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between each successive try <emphasis>for the same
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server</emphasis>. The default is 10 seconds.
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<term><option>--network-hook-dir=<replaceable
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>DIR</replaceable></option></term>
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Network hook directory. The default directory is
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<quote><filename class="directory"
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>/lib/mandos/network-hooks.d</filename></quote>.
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<term><option>--usage</option></term>
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Gives a short usage message
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Gives a short usage message.
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<term><option>--version</option></term>
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<term><option>-V</option></term>
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Prints the program version
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Prints the program version.
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<refsect1 id="overview">
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<title>OVERVIEW</title>
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<xi:include href="../overview.xml"/>
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This program is the client part. It is a plugin started by
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry> which will run in
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an initial <acronym>RAM</acronym> disk environment.
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This program could, theoretically, be used as a keyscript in
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<filename>/etc/crypttab</filename>, but it would then be
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impossible to enter a password for the encrypted root disk at
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the console, since this program does not read from the console
495
at all. This is why a separate plugin runner (<citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>) is used to run
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both this program and others in in parallel,
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<emphasis>one</emphasis> of which (<citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>password-prompt</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>) will prompt for
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passwords on the system console.
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<refsect1 id="exit_status">
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<title>EXIT STATUS</title>
509
This program will exit with a successful (zero) exit status if a
510
server could be found and the password received from it could be
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successfully decrypted and output on standard output. The
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program will exit with a non-zero exit status only if a critical
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error occurs. Otherwise, it will forever connect to any
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discovered <application>Mandos</application> servers, trying to
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get a decryptable password and print it.
294
519
<refsect1 id="environment">
295
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<title>ENVIRONMENT</title>
523
<term><envar>MANDOSPLUGINHELPERDIR</envar></term>
526
This environment variable will be assumed to contain the
527
directory containing any helper executables. The use and
528
nature of these helper executables, if any, is purposely
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This program does not use any other environment variables, not
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even the ones provided by <citerefentry><refentrytitle
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>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
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<refsect1 id="network-hooks">
543
<title>NETWORK HOOKS</title>
545
If a network interface like a bridge or tunnel is required to
546
find a Mandos server, this requires the interface to be up and
547
running before <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> starts looking
548
for Mandos servers. This can be accomplished by creating a
549
<quote>network hook</quote> program, and placing it in a special
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Before the network is used (and again before program exit), any
554
runnable programs found in the network hook directory are run
555
with the argument <quote><literal>start</literal></quote> or
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<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>. This should bring up or
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down, respectively, any network interface which
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> should use.
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<refsect2 id="hook-requirements">
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<title>REQUIREMENTS</title>
563
A network hook must be an executable file, and its name must
564
consist entirely of upper and lower case letters, digits,
565
underscores, periods, and hyphens.
568
A network hook will receive one argument, which can be one of
573
<term><literal>start</literal></term>
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This should make the network hook create (if necessary)
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and bring up a network interface.
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<term><literal>stop</literal></term>
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This should make the network hook take down a network
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interface, and delete it if it did not exist previously.
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<term><literal>files</literal></term>
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This should make the network hook print, <emphasis>one
595
file per line</emphasis>, all the files needed for it to
596
run. (These files will be copied into the initial RAM
597
filesystem.) Typical use is for a network hook which is
598
a shell script to print its needed binaries.
601
It is not necessary to print any non-executable files
602
already in the network hook directory, these will be
603
copied implicitly if they otherwise satisfy the name
609
<term><literal>modules</literal></term>
612
This should make the network hook print, <emphasis>on
613
separate lines</emphasis>, all the kernel modules needed
614
for it to run. (These modules will be copied into the
615
initial RAM filesystem.) For instance, a tunnel
617
<quote><literal>tun</literal></quote> module.
623
The network hook will be provided with a number of environment
628
<term><envar>MANDOSNETHOOKDIR</envar></term>
631
The network hook directory, specified to
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> by the
633
<option>--network-hook-dir</option> option. Note: this
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should <emphasis>always</emphasis> be used by the
635
network hook to refer to itself or any files in the hook
636
directory it may require.
641
<term><envar>DEVICE</envar></term>
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The network interfaces, as specified to
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<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> by the
646
<option>--interface</option> option, combined to one
647
string and separated by commas. If this is set, and
648
does not contain the interface a hook will bring up,
649
there is no reason for a hook to continue.
654
<term><envar>MODE</envar></term>
657
This will be the same as the first argument;
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i.e. <quote><literal>start</literal></quote>,
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<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>,
660
<quote><literal>files</literal></quote>, or
661
<quote><literal>modules</literal></quote>.
666
<term><envar>VERBOSITY</envar></term>
669
This will be the <quote><literal>1</literal></quote> if
670
the <option>--debug</option> option is passed to
671
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>, otherwise
672
<quote><literal>0</literal></quote>.
677
<term><envar>DELAY</envar></term>
680
This will be the same as the <option>--delay</option>
681
option passed to <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>. Is
682
only set if <envar>MODE</envar> is
683
<quote><literal>start</literal></quote> or
684
<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>.
689
<term><envar>CONNECT</envar></term>
692
This will be the same as the <option>--connect</option>
693
option passed to <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>. Is
694
only set if <option>--connect</option> is passed and
695
<envar>MODE</envar> is
696
<quote><literal>start</literal></quote> or
697
<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>.
703
A hook may not read from standard input, and should be
704
restrictive in printing to standard output or standard error
705
unless <varname>VERBOSITY</varname> is
706
<quote><literal>1</literal></quote>.
711
<refsect1 id="files">
301
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<title>FILES</title>
715
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/pubkey.txt</filename
717
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/seckey.txt</filename
721
OpenPGP public and private key files, in <quote>ASCII
722
Armor</quote> format. These are the default file names,
723
they can be changed with the <option>--pubkey</option> and
724
<option>--seckey</option> options.
729
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/tls-pubkey.pem</filename
731
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/tls-privkey.pem</filename
735
Public and private raw key files, in <quote>PEM</quote>
736
format. These are the default file names, they can be
737
changed with the <option>--tls-pubkey</option> and
738
<option>--tls-privkey</option> options.
744
class="directory">/lib/mandos/network-hooks.d</filename></term>
747
Directory where network hooks are located. Change this
748
with the <option>--network-hook-dir</option> option. See
749
<xref linkend="network-hooks"/>.
306
756
<refsect1 id="bugs">
307
757
<title>BUGS</title>
758
<xi:include href="../bugs.xml"/>
312
761
<refsect1 id="example">
313
762
<title>EXAMPLE</title>
764
Note that normally, command line options will not be given
765
directly, but via options for the Mandos <citerefentry
766
><refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
767
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
771
Normal invocation needs no options, if the network interfaces
772
can be automatically determined:
775
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME;</userinput>
780
Search for Mandos servers (and connect to them) using one
784
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
785
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --interface eth1</userinput>
790
Run in debug mode, and use custom keys:
794
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
795
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --debug --pubkey keydir/pubkey.txt --seckey keydir/seckey.txt --tls-pubkey keydir/tls-pubkey.pem --tls-privkey keydir/tls-privkey.pem</userinput>
801
Run in debug mode, with custom keys, and do not use Zeroconf
802
to locate a server; connect directly to the IPv6 link-local
803
address <quote><systemitem class="ipaddress"
804
>fe80::aede:48ff:fe71:f6f2</systemitem></quote>, port 4711,
805
using interface eth2:
809
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
810
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --debug --pubkey keydir/pubkey.txt --seckey keydir/seckey.txt --tls-pubkey keydir/tls-pubkey.pem --tls-privkey keydir/tls-privkey.pem --connect fe80::aede:48ff:fe71:f6f2:4711 --interface eth2</userinput>
318
816
<refsect1 id="security">
319
817
<title>SECURITY</title>
819
This program is set-uid to root, but will switch back to the
820
original (and presumably non-privileged) user and group after
821
bringing up the network interface.
824
To use this program for its intended purpose (see <xref
825
linkend="purpose"/>), the password for the root file system will
826
have to be given out to be stored in a server computer, after
827
having been encrypted using an OpenPGP key. This encrypted data
828
which will be stored in a server can only be decrypted by the
829
OpenPGP key, and the data will only be given out to those
830
clients who can prove they actually have that key. This key,
831
however, is stored unencrypted on the client side in its initial
832
<acronym>RAM</acronym> disk image file system. This is normally
833
readable by all, but this is normally fixed during installation
834
of this program; file permissions are set so that no-one is able
838
The only remaining weak point is that someone with physical
839
access to the client hard drive might turn off the client
840
computer, read the OpenPGP and TLS keys directly from the hard
841
drive, and communicate with the server. To safeguard against
842
this, the server is supposed to notice the client disappearing
843
and stop giving out the encrypted data. Therefore, it is
844
important to set the timeout and checker interval values tightly
845
on the server. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle
846
>mandos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
849
It will also help if the checker program on the server is
850
configured to request something from the client which can not be
851
spoofed by someone else on the network, like SSH server key
852
fingerprints, and unlike unencrypted <acronym>ICMP</acronym>
853
echo (<quote>ping</quote>) replies.
856
<emphasis>Note</emphasis>: This makes it completely insecure to
857
have <application >Mandos</application> clients which dual-boot
858
to another operating system which is <emphasis>not</emphasis>
859
trusted to keep the initial <acronym>RAM</acronym> disk image
324
864
<refsect1 id="see_also">
325
865
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
867
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>intro</refentrytitle>
868
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
869
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle>
870
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
871
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle>
872
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
327
873
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos</refentrytitle>
328
874
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
329
875
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>password-prompt</refentrytitle>
331
877
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
332
878
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
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<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
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url="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</ulink>
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url="http://www.gnupg.org/related_software/gpgme/">
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<citation>RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message
356
Format</citetitle></citation>
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<citation>RFC 5081: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for
361
Transport Layer Security</citetitle></citation>
365
<citation>RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
366
Architecture</citetitle>, section 2.5.6, Link-Local IPv6
367
Unicast Addresses</citation>
883
<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
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Zeroconf is the network protocol standard used for finding
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Mandos servers on the local network.
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<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
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Avahi is the library this program calls to find Zeroconf
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<ulink url="https://www.gnutls.org/">GnuTLS</ulink>
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GnuTLS is the library this client uses to implement TLS for
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communicating securely with the server, and at the same time
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send the public key to the server.
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<ulink url="https://www.gnupg.org/related_software/gpgme/"
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GPGME is the library used to decrypt the OpenPGP data sent
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RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
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Architecture</citetitle>
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<term>Section 2.2: <citetitle>Text Representation of
936
Addresses</citetitle></term>
937
<listitem><para/></listitem>
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<term>Section 2.5.5.2: <citetitle>IPv4-Mapped IPv6
941
Address</citetitle></term>
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<listitem><para/></listitem>
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<term>Section 2.5.6, <citetitle>Link-Local IPv6 Unicast
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Addresses</citetitle></term>
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This client uses IPv6 link-local addresses, which are
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immediately usable since a link-local addresses is
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automatically assigned to a network interface when it
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RFC 5246: <citetitle>The Transport Layer Security (TLS)
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Protocol Version 1.2</citetitle>
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TLS 1.2 is the protocol implemented by GnuTLS.
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RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message Format</citetitle>
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The data received from the server is binary encrypted
983
RFC 7250: <citetitle>Using Raw Public Keys in Transport
984
Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
989
This is implemented by GnuTLS in version 3.6.6 and is, if
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present, used by this program so that raw public keys can be
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RFC 6091: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport Layer
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This is implemented by GnuTLS before version 3.6.0 and is,
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if present, used by this program so that OpenPGP keys can be
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