68
48
<refname><command>&COMMANDNAME;</command></refname>
70
Sends encrypted passwords to authenticated Mandos clients
50
Gives encrypted passwords to authenticated Mandos clients
76
56
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
77
<arg choice='opt'>--interface<arg choice='plain'>IF</arg></arg>
78
<arg choice='opt'>--address<arg choice='plain'>ADDRESS</arg></arg>
79
<arg choice='opt'>--port<arg choice='plain'>PORT</arg></arg>
80
<arg choice='opt'>--priority<arg choice='plain'>PRIORITY</arg></arg>
81
<arg choice='opt'>--servicename<arg choice='plain'>NAME</arg></arg>
82
<arg choice='opt'>--configdir<arg choice='plain'>DIRECTORY</arg></arg>
83
<arg choice='opt'>--debug</arg>
86
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
87
<arg choice='opt'>-i<arg choice='plain'>IF</arg></arg>
88
<arg choice='opt'>-a<arg choice='plain'>ADDRESS</arg></arg>
89
<arg choice='opt'>-p<arg choice='plain'>PORT</arg></arg>
90
<arg choice='opt'>--priority<arg choice='plain'>PRIORITY</arg></arg>
91
<arg choice='opt'>--servicename<arg choice='plain'>NAME</arg></arg>
92
<arg choice='opt'>--configdir<arg choice='plain'>DIRECTORY</arg></arg>
93
<arg choice='opt'>--debug</arg>
96
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
97
<arg choice='plain'>--help</arg>
100
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
101
<arg choice='plain'>--version</arg>
104
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
105
<arg choice='plain'>--check</arg>
58
<arg choice="plain"><option>--interface
59
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></arg>
60
<arg choice="plain"><option>-i
61
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></arg>
65
<arg choice="plain"><option>--address
66
<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></arg>
67
<arg choice="plain"><option>-a
68
<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></arg>
72
<arg choice="plain"><option>--port
73
<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></arg>
74
<arg choice="plain"><option>-p
75
<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></arg>
78
<arg><option>--priority
79
<replaceable>PRIORITY</replaceable></option></arg>
81
<arg><option>--servicename
82
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></arg>
84
<arg><option>--configdir
85
<replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></arg>
87
<arg><option>--debug</option></arg>
89
<arg><option>--no-dbus</option></arg>
91
<arg><option>--no-ipv6</option></arg>
94
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
96
<arg choice="plain"><option>--help</option></arg>
97
<arg choice="plain"><option>-h</option></arg>
101
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
102
<arg choice="plain"><option>--version</option></arg>
105
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>
106
<arg choice="plain"><option>--check</option></arg>
107
108
</refsynopsisdiv>
109
110
<refsect1 id="description">
110
111
<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
112
113
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> is a server daemon which
113
114
handles incoming request for passwords for a pre-defined list of
114
115
client host computers. The Mandos server uses Zeroconf to
115
announce itself on the local network, and uses GnuTLS to
116
communicate securely with and to authenticate the clients.
117
Mandos uses IPv6 link-local addresses, since the clients are
118
assumed to not have any other addresses configured yet. Any
119
authenticated client is then given the pre-encrypted password
120
for that specific client.
116
announce itself on the local network, and uses TLS to
117
communicate securely with and to authenticate the clients. The
118
Mandos server uses IPv6 to allow Mandos clients to use IPv6
119
link-local addresses, since the clients will probably not have
120
any other addresses configured (see <xref linkend="overview"/>).
121
Any authenticated client is then given the stored pre-encrypted
122
password for that specific client.
125
126
<refsect1 id="purpose">
126
127
<title>PURPOSE</title>
129
129
The purpose of this is to enable <emphasis>remote and unattended
130
rebooting</emphasis> of any client host computer with an
131
<emphasis>encrypted root file system</emphasis>. The client
132
host computer should start a Mandos client in the initial RAM
133
disk environment, the Mandos client program communicates with
134
this server program to get an encrypted password, which is then
135
decrypted and used to unlock the encrypted root file system.
136
The client host computer can then continue its boot sequence
130
rebooting</emphasis> of client host computer with an
131
<emphasis>encrypted root file system</emphasis>. See <xref
132
linkend="overview"/> for details.
142
136
<refsect1 id="options">
143
137
<title>OPTIONS</title>
147
<term><literal>-h</literal>, <literal>--help</literal></term>
140
<term><option>--help</option></term>
141
<term><option>-h</option></term>
150
144
Show a help message and exit
156
<term><literal>-i</literal>, <literal>--interface <replaceable>
157
IF</replaceable></literal></term>
160
Only announce the server and listen to requests on network
161
interface <replaceable>IF</replaceable>. Default is to
162
use all available interfaces.
168
<term><literal>-a</literal>, <literal>--address <replaceable>
169
ADDRESS</replaceable></literal></term>
172
If this option is used, the server will only listen to a
173
specific address. This must currently be an IPv6 address;
174
an IPv4 address can be specified using the
175
"<literal>::FFFF:192.0.2.3</literal>" syntax. Also, if a
176
link-local address is specified, an interface should be
177
set, since a link-local address is only valid on a single
178
interface. By default, the server will listen to all
185
<term><literal>-p</literal>, <literal>--port <replaceable>
186
PORT</replaceable></literal></term>
189
If this option is used, the server to bind to that
190
port. By default, the server will listen to an arbitrary
191
port given by the operating system.
197
<term><literal>--check</literal></term>
200
Run the server's self-tests. This includes any unit
150
<term><option>--interface</option>
151
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
152
<term><option>-i</option>
153
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
155
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="interface"/>
160
<term><option>--address
161
<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></term>
163
<replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></option></term>
165
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="address"/>
171
<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></term>
173
<replaceable>PORT</replaceable></option></term>
175
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="port"/>
180
<term><option>--check</option></term>
183
Run the server’s self-tests. This includes any unit
207
<term><literal>--debug</literal></term>
210
If the server is run in debug mode, it will run in the
211
foreground and print a lot of debugging information. The
212
default is <emphasis>not</emphasis> to run in debug mode.
218
<term><literal>--priority <replaceable>
219
PRIORITY</replaceable></literal></term>
222
GnuTLS priority string for the TLS handshake with the
224
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnutls_priority_init
225
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
226
for the syntax. The default is
227
"<literal>SECURE256:!CTYPE-X.509:+CTYPE-OPENPGP</literal>".
228
<emphasis>Warning</emphasis>: changing this may make the
229
TLS handshake fail, making communication with clients
236
<term><literal>--servicename <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>
240
Zeroconf service name. The default is
241
"<literal>Mandos</literal>". You only need to change this
242
if you for some reason want to run more than one server on
243
the same <emphasis>host</emphasis>. If there are name
244
collisions on the same <emphasis>network</emphasis>, the
245
new server will automatically rename itself to "Mandos
252
<term><literal>--configdir <replaceable>DIR</replaceable>
190
<term><option>--debug</option></term>
192
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="debug"/>
197
<term><option>--priority <replaceable>
198
PRIORITY</replaceable></option></term>
200
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="priority"/>
205
<term><option>--servicename
206
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></term>
208
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml"
209
xpointer="servicename"/>
214
<term><option>--configdir
215
<replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></term>
256
218
Directory to search for configuration files. Default is
257
"<literal>/etc/mandos</literal>". See <citerefentry>
258
<refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
219
<quote><literal>/etc/mandos</literal></quote>. See
220
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
259
221
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry>
260
222
<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
261
223
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
267
<term><literal>--version</literal></term>
229
<term><option>--version</option></term>
270
232
Prints the program version and exit.
238
<term><option>--no-dbus</option></term>
240
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="dbus"/>
242
See also <xref linkend="dbus_interface"/>.
248
<term><option>--no-ipv6</option></term>
250
<xi:include href="mandos-options.xml" xpointer="ipv6"/>
256
<refsect1 id="overview">
257
<title>OVERVIEW</title>
258
<xi:include href="overview.xml"/>
260
This program is the server part. It is a normal server program
261
and will run in a normal system environment, not in an initial
262
<acronym>RAM</acronym> disk environment.
277
266
<refsect1 id="protocol">
278
267
<title>NETWORK PROTOCOL</title>
280
269
The Mandos server announces itself as a Zeroconf service of type
281
"<literal>_mandos._tcp</literal>". The Mandos client connects
282
to the announced address and port, and sends a line of text
283
where the first whitespace-separated field is the protocol
284
version, which currently is "<literal>1</literal>". The client
285
and server then start a TLS protocol handshake with a slight
286
quirk: the Mandos server program acts as a TLS "client" while
287
the connecting Mandos client acts as a TLS "server". The Mandos
288
client must supply an OpenPGP certificate, and the fingerprint
289
of this certificate is used by the Mandos server to look up (in
290
a list read from a file at start time) which binary blob to give
291
the client. No other authentication or authorization is done by
270
<quote><literal>_mandos._tcp</literal></quote>. The Mandos
271
client connects to the announced address and port, and sends a
272
line of text where the first whitespace-separated field is the
273
protocol version, which currently is
274
<quote><literal>1</literal></quote>. The client and server then
275
start a TLS protocol handshake with a slight quirk: the Mandos
276
server program acts as a TLS <quote>client</quote> while the
277
connecting Mandos client acts as a TLS <quote>server</quote>.
278
The Mandos client must supply an OpenPGP certificate, and the
279
fingerprint of this certificate is used by the Mandos server to
280
look up (in a list read from <filename>clients.conf</filename>
281
at start time) which binary blob to give the client. No other
282
authentication or authorization is done by the server.
294
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><thead>
285
<title>Mandos Protocol (Version 1)</title><tgroup cols="3"><thead>
296
287
<entry>Mandos Client</entry>
297
288
<entry>Direction</entry>
347
362
critical error is encountered.
366
<refsect1 id="environment">
367
<title>ENVIRONMENT</title>
370
<term><envar>PATH</envar></term>
373
To start the configured checker (see <xref
374
linkend="checking"/>), the server uses
375
<filename>/bin/sh</filename>, which in turn uses
376
<varname>PATH</varname> to search for matching commands if
377
an absolute path is not given. See <citerefentry>
378
<refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
386
<refsect1 id="files">
352
387
<title>FILES</title>
356
<filename>/etc/mandos/mandos.conf</filename> See <citerefentry>
357
<refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
358
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
361
<filename>/etc/mandos/clients.conf</filename> See <citerefentry>
389
Use the <option>--configdir</option> option to change where
390
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> looks for its configurations
391
files. The default file names are listed here.
395
<term><filename>/etc/mandos/mandos.conf</filename></term>
398
Server-global settings. See
399
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
400
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
405
<term><filename>/etc/mandos/clients.conf</filename></term>
408
List of clients and client-specific settings. See
409
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
410
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
415
<term><filename>/var/run/mandos.pid</filename></term>
418
The file containing the process id of
419
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>.
424
<term><filename>/dev/log</filename></term>
427
The Unix domain socket to where local syslog messages are
433
<term><filename>/bin/sh</filename></term>
436
This is used to start the configured checker command for
437
each client. See <citerefentry>
362
438
<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
363
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
366
<filename>/var/run/mandos/mandos.pid</filename>
439
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
372
446
<refsect1 id="bugs">
373
447
<title>BUGS</title>
378
<refsect1 id="examples">
379
<title>EXAMPLES</title>
449
This server might, on especially fatal errors, emit a Python
450
backtrace. This could be considered a feature.
453
Currently, if a client is declared <quote>invalid</quote> due to
454
having timed out, the server does not record this fact onto
455
permanent storage. This has some security implications, see
456
<xref linkend="clients"/>.
459
There is currently no way of querying the server of the current
460
status of clients, other than analyzing its <systemitem
461
class="service">syslog</systemitem> output.
464
There is no fine-grained control over logging and debug output.
467
Debug mode is conflated with running in the foreground.
470
The console log messages do not show a time stamp.
473
This server does not check the expire time of clients’ OpenPGP
478
<refsect1 id="example">
479
<title>EXAMPLE</title>
482
Normal invocation needs no options:
485
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME;</userinput>
490
Run the server in debug mode, read configuration files from
491
the <filename>~/mandos</filename> directory, and use the
492
Zeroconf service name <quote>Test</quote> to not collide with
493
any other official Mandos server on this host:
497
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
498
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --debug --configdir ~/mandos --servicename Test</userinput>
504
Run the server normally, but only listen to one interface and
505
only on the link-local address on that interface:
509
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
510
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --interface eth7 --address fe80::aede:48ff:fe71:f6f2</userinput>
384
516
<refsect1 id="security">
385
517
<title>SECURITY</title>
518
<refsect2 id="server">
519
<title>SERVER</title>
521
Running this <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> server program
522
should not in itself present any security risk to the host
523
computer running it. The program switches to a non-root user
527
<refsect2 id="clients">
528
<title>CLIENTS</title>
530
The server only gives out its stored data to clients which
531
does have the OpenPGP key of the stored fingerprint. This is
532
guaranteed by the fact that the client sends its OpenPGP
533
public key in the TLS handshake; this ensures it to be
534
genuine. The server computes the fingerprint of the key
535
itself and looks up the fingerprint in its list of
536
clients. The <filename>clients.conf</filename> file (see
537
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
538
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
539
<emphasis>must</emphasis> be made non-readable by anyone
540
except the user starting the server (usually root).
543
As detailed in <xref linkend="checking"/>, the status of all
544
client computers will continually be checked and be assumed
545
compromised if they are gone for too long.
548
If a client is compromised, its downtime should be duly noted
549
by the server which would therefore declare the client
550
invalid. But if the server was ever restarted, it would
551
re-read its client list from its configuration file and again
552
regard all clients therein as valid, and hence eligible to
553
receive their passwords. Therefore, be careful when
554
restarting servers if it is suspected that a client has, in
555
fact, been compromised by parties who may now be running a
556
fake Mandos client with the keys from the non-encrypted
557
initial <acronym>RAM</acronym> image of the client host. What
558
should be done in that case (if restarting the server program
559
really is necessary) is to stop the server program, edit the
560
configuration file to omit any suspect clients, and restart
564
For more details on client-side security, see
565
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos-client</refentrytitle>
566
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
390
571
<refsect1 id="see_also">
391
572
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
392
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
394
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>password-request</refentrytitle>
395
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>
399
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
400
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>
404
<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
408
<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
413
url="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</ulink>
417
<citation>RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message
418
Format</citetitle></citation>
422
<citation>RFC 5081: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for
423
Transport Layer Security</citetitle></citation>
427
<citation>RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
428
Architecture</citetitle>, section 2.5.6, Link-Local IPv6
429
Unicast Addresses</citation>
575
<refentrytitle>mandos-clients.conf</refentrytitle>
576
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
577
<refentrytitle>mandos.conf</refentrytitle>
578
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
579
<refentrytitle>mandos-client</refentrytitle>
580
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
581
<refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
587
<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
591
Zeroconf is the network protocol standard used by clients
592
for finding this Mandos server on the local network.
598
<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
602
Avahi is the library this server calls to implement
603
Zeroconf service announcements.
609
<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/"
614
GnuTLS is the library this server uses to implement TLS for
615
communicating securely with the client, and at the same time
616
confidently get the client’s public OpenPGP key.
622
RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
623
Architecture</citetitle>
628
<term>Section 2.2: <citetitle>Text Representation of
629
Addresses</citetitle></term>
630
<listitem><para/></listitem>
633
<term>Section 2.5.5.2: <citetitle>IPv4-Mapped IPv6
634
Address</citetitle></term>
635
<listitem><para/></listitem>
638
<term>Section 2.5.6, <citetitle>Link-Local IPv6 Unicast
639
Addresses</citetitle></term>
642
The clients use IPv6 link-local addresses, which are
643
immediately usable since a link-local addresses is
644
automatically assigned to a network interfaces when it
654
RFC 4346: <citetitle>The Transport Layer Security (TLS)
655
Protocol Version 1.1</citetitle>
659
TLS 1.1 is the protocol implemented by GnuTLS.
665
RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message Format</citetitle>
669
The data sent to clients is binary encrypted OpenPGP data.
675
RFC 5081: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport Layer
680
This is implemented by GnuTLS and used by this server so
681
that OpenPGP keys can be used.
688
<!-- Local Variables: -->
689
<!-- time-stamp-start: "<!ENTITY TIMESTAMP [\"']" -->
690
<!-- time-stamp-end: "[\"']>" -->
691
<!-- time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d" -->