159
122
</refsynopsisdiv>
161
124
<refsect1 id="description">
162
125
<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
164
127
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> is a client program that
165
128
communicates with <citerefentry><refentrytitle
166
129
>mandos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
167
to get a password. In slightly more detail, this client program
168
brings up network interfaces, uses the interfaces’ IPv6
169
link-local addresses to get network connectivity, uses Zeroconf
170
to find servers on the local network, and communicates with
171
servers using TLS with a raw public key to ensure authenticity
172
and confidentiality. This client program keeps running, trying
173
all servers on the network, until it receives a satisfactory
174
reply or a TERM signal. After all servers have been tried, all
175
servers are periodically retried. If no servers are found it
176
will wait indefinitely for new servers to appear.
179
The network interfaces are selected like this: If any interfaces
180
are specified using the <option>--interface</option> option,
181
those interface are used. Otherwise,
182
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> will use all interfaces that
183
are not loopback interfaces, are not point-to-point interfaces,
184
are capable of broadcasting and do not have the NOARP flag (see
185
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>netdevice</refentrytitle>
186
<manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). (If the
187
<option>--connect</option> option is used, point-to-point
188
interfaces and non-broadcast interfaces are accepted.) If any
189
used interfaces are not up and running, they are first taken up
190
(and later taken down again on program exit).
193
Before network interfaces are selected, all <quote>network
194
hooks</quote> are run; see <xref linkend="network-hooks"/>.
130
to get a password. It uses IPv6 link-local addresses to get
131
network connectivity, Zeroconf to find the server, and TLS with
132
an OpenPGP key to ensure authenticity and confidentiality. It
133
keeps running, trying all servers on the network, until it
134
receives a satisfactory reply.
197
137
This program is not meant to be run directly; it is really meant
244
184
assumed to separate the address from the port number.
247
Normally, Zeroconf would be used to locate Mandos servers,
248
in which case this option would only be used when testing
187
This option is normally only useful for testing and
255
<term><option>--interface=<replaceable
256
>NAME</replaceable><arg rep='repeat'>,<replaceable
257
>NAME</replaceable></arg></option></term>
194
<term><option>--keydir=<replaceable
195
>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></term>
197
<replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></term>
200
Directory to read the OpenPGP key files
201
<filename>pubkey.txt</filename> and
202
<filename>seckey.txt</filename> from. The default is
203
<filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos</filename> (in the initial
204
<acronym>RAM</acronym> disk environment).
210
<term><option>--interface=
211
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></term>
259
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable><arg rep='repeat'>,<replaceable
260
>NAME</replaceable></arg></option></term>
213
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></term>
263
Comma separated list of network interfaces that will be
264
brought up and scanned for Mandos servers to connect to.
265
The default is the empty string, which will automatically
266
use all appropriate interfaces.
269
If the <option>--connect</option> option is used, and
270
exactly one interface name is specified (except
271
<quote><literal>none</literal></quote>), this specifies
272
the interface to use to connect to the address given.
275
Note that since this program will normally run in the
276
initial RAM disk environment, the interface must be an
277
interface which exists at that stage. Thus, the interface
278
can normally not be a pseudo-interface such as
279
<quote>br0</quote> or <quote>tun0</quote>; such interfaces
280
will not exist until much later in the boot process, and
281
can not be used by this program, unless created by a
282
<quote>network hook</quote> — see <xref
283
linkend="network-hooks"/>.
286
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable> can be the string
287
<quote><literal>none</literal></quote>; this will make
288
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> only bring up interfaces
289
specified <emphasis>before</emphasis> this string. This
290
is not recommended, and only meant for advanced users.
216
Network interface that will be brought up and scanned for
217
Mandos servers to connect to. The default it
218
<quote><literal>eth0</literal></quote>.
356
258
xpointer="priority"/>
361
263
<term><option>--dh-bits=<replaceable
362
264
>BITS</replaceable></option></term>
365
267
Sets the number of bits to use for the prime number in the
366
TLS Diffie-Hellman key exchange. The default value is
367
selected automatically based on the GnuTLS security
368
profile set in its priority string. Note that if the
369
<option>--dh-params</option> option is used, the values
370
from that file will be used instead.
376
<term><option>--dh-params=<replaceable
377
>FILE</replaceable></option></term>
380
Specifies a PEM-encoded PKCS#3 file to read the parameters
381
needed by the TLS Diffie-Hellman key exchange from. If
382
this option is not given, or if the file for some reason
383
could not be used, the parameters will be generated on
384
startup, which will take some time and processing power.
385
Those using servers running under time, power or processor
386
constraints may want to generate such a file in advance
393
<term><option>--delay=<replaceable
394
>SECONDS</replaceable></option></term>
397
After bringing a network interface up, the program waits
398
for the interface to arrive in a <quote>running</quote>
399
state before proceeding. During this time, the kernel log
400
level will be lowered to reduce clutter on the system
401
console, alleviating any other plugins which might be
402
using the system console. This option sets the upper
403
limit of seconds to wait. The default is 2.5 seconds.
409
<term><option>--retry=<replaceable
410
>SECONDS</replaceable></option></term>
413
All Mandos servers are tried repeatedly until a password
414
is received. This value specifies, in seconds, how long
415
between each successive try <emphasis>for the same
416
server</emphasis>. The default is 10 seconds.
422
<term><option>--network-hook-dir=<replaceable
423
>DIR</replaceable></option></term>
426
Network hook directory. The default directory is
427
<quote><filename class="directory"
428
>/lib/mandos/network-hooks.d</filename></quote>.
268
TLS Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Default is 1024.
509
343
server could be found and the password received from it could be
510
344
successfully decrypted and output on standard output. The
511
345
program will exit with a non-zero exit status only if a critical
512
error occurs. Otherwise, it will forever connect to any
513
discovered <application>Mandos</application> servers, trying to
514
get a decryptable password and print it.
346
error occurs. Otherwise, it will forever connect to new
347
<application>Mandosservers</application> servers as they appear,
348
trying to get a decryptable password.
518
352
<refsect1 id="environment">
519
353
<title>ENVIRONMENT</title>
522
<term><envar>MANDOSPLUGINHELPERDIR</envar></term>
525
This environment variable will be assumed to contain the
526
directory containing any helper executables. The use and
527
nature of these helper executables, if any, is
528
purposefully not documented.
534
This program does not use any other environment variables, not
535
even the ones provided by <citerefentry><refentrytitle
355
This program does not use any environment variables, not even
356
the ones provided by <citerefentry><refentrytitle
536
357
>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
541
<refsect1 id="network-hooks">
542
<title>NETWORK HOOKS</title>
544
If a network interface like a bridge or tunnel is required to
545
find a Mandos server, this requires the interface to be up and
546
running before <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> starts looking
547
for Mandos servers. This can be accomplished by creating a
548
<quote>network hook</quote> program, and placing it in a special
552
Before the network is used (and again before program exit), any
553
runnable programs found in the network hook directory are run
554
with the argument <quote><literal>start</literal></quote> or
555
<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>. This should bring up or
556
down, respectively, any network interface which
557
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> should use.
559
<refsect2 id="hook-requirements">
560
<title>REQUIREMENTS</title>
562
A network hook must be an executable file, and its name must
563
consist entirely of upper and lower case letters, digits,
564
underscores, periods, and hyphens.
567
A network hook will receive one argument, which can be one of
572
<term><literal>start</literal></term>
575
This should make the network hook create (if necessary)
576
and bring up a network interface.
581
<term><literal>stop</literal></term>
584
This should make the network hook take down a network
585
interface, and delete it if it did not exist previously.
590
<term><literal>files</literal></term>
593
This should make the network hook print, <emphasis>one
594
file per line</emphasis>, all the files needed for it to
595
run. (These files will be copied into the initial RAM
596
filesystem.) Typical use is for a network hook which is
597
a shell script to print its needed binaries.
600
It is not necessary to print any non-executable files
601
already in the network hook directory, these will be
602
copied implicitly if they otherwise satisfy the name
608
<term><literal>modules</literal></term>
611
This should make the network hook print, <emphasis>on
612
separate lines</emphasis>, all the kernel modules needed
613
for it to run. (These modules will be copied into the
614
initial RAM filesystem.) For instance, a tunnel
616
<quote><literal>tun</literal></quote> module.
622
The network hook will be provided with a number of environment
627
<term><envar>MANDOSNETHOOKDIR</envar></term>
630
The network hook directory, specified to
631
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> by the
632
<option>--network-hook-dir</option> option. Note: this
633
should <emphasis>always</emphasis> be used by the
634
network hook to refer to itself or any files in the hook
635
directory it may require.
640
<term><envar>DEVICE</envar></term>
643
The network interfaces, as specified to
644
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command> by the
645
<option>--interface</option> option, combined to one
646
string and separated by commas. If this is set, and
647
does not contain the interface a hook will bring up,
648
there is no reason for a hook to continue.
653
<term><envar>MODE</envar></term>
656
This will be the same as the first argument;
657
i.e. <quote><literal>start</literal></quote>,
658
<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>,
659
<quote><literal>files</literal></quote>, or
660
<quote><literal>modules</literal></quote>.
665
<term><envar>VERBOSITY</envar></term>
668
This will be the <quote><literal>1</literal></quote> if
669
the <option>--debug</option> option is passed to
670
<command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>, otherwise
671
<quote><literal>0</literal></quote>.
676
<term><envar>DELAY</envar></term>
679
This will be the same as the <option>--delay</option>
680
option passed to <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>. Is
681
only set if <envar>MODE</envar> is
682
<quote><literal>start</literal></quote> or
683
<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>.
688
<term><envar>CONNECT</envar></term>
691
This will be the same as the <option>--connect</option>
692
option passed to <command>&COMMANDNAME;</command>. Is
693
only set if <option>--connect</option> is passed and
694
<envar>MODE</envar> is
695
<quote><literal>start</literal></quote> or
696
<quote><literal>stop</literal></quote>.
702
A hook may not read from standard input, and should be
703
restrictive in printing to standard output or standard error
704
unless <varname>VERBOSITY</varname> is
705
<quote><literal>1</literal></quote>.
710
<refsect1 id="files">
711
363
<title>FILES</title>
714
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/pubkey.txt</filename
716
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/seckey.txt</filename
720
OpenPGP public and private key files, in <quote>ASCII
721
Armor</quote> format. These are the default file names,
722
they can be changed with the <option>--pubkey</option> and
723
<option>--seckey</option> options.
728
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/tls-pubkey.pem</filename
730
<term><filename>/conf/conf.d/mandos/tls-privkey.pem</filename
734
Public and private raw key files, in <quote>PEM</quote>
735
format. These are the default file names, they can be
736
changed with the <option>--tls-pubkey</option> and
737
<option>--tls-privkey</option> options.
743
class="directory">/lib/mandos/network-hooks.d</filename></term>
746
Directory where network hooks are located. Change this
747
with the <option>--network-hook-dir</option> option. See
748
<xref linkend="network-hooks"/>.
755
368
<refsect1 id="bugs">
756
369
<title>BUGS</title>
757
<xi:include href="../bugs.xml"/>
760
374
<refsect1 id="example">
761
375
<title>EXAMPLE</title>
763
Note that normally, command line options will not be given
764
directly, but via options for the Mandos <citerefentry
765
><refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
766
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
770
Normal invocation needs no options, if the network interfaces
771
can be automatically determined:
774
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME;</userinput>
779
Search for Mandos servers (and connect to them) using one
783
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
784
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --interface eth1</userinput>
789
Run in debug mode, and use custom keys:
793
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
794
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --debug --pubkey keydir/pubkey.txt --seckey keydir/seckey.txt --tls-pubkey keydir/tls-pubkey.pem --tls-privkey keydir/tls-privkey.pem</userinput>
800
Run in debug mode, with custom keys, and do not use Zeroconf
801
to locate a server; connect directly to the IPv6 link-local
802
address <quote><systemitem class="ipaddress"
803
>fe80::aede:48ff:fe71:f6f2</systemitem></quote>, port 4711,
804
using interface eth2:
808
<!-- do not wrap this line -->
809
<userinput>&COMMANDNAME; --debug --pubkey keydir/pubkey.txt --seckey keydir/seckey.txt --tls-pubkey keydir/tls-pubkey.pem --tls-privkey keydir/tls-privkey.pem --connect fe80::aede:48ff:fe71:f6f2:4711 --interface eth2</userinput>
815
380
<refsect1 id="security">
816
381
<title>SECURITY</title>
818
This program is set-uid to root, but will switch back to the
819
original (and presumably non-privileged) user and group after
820
bringing up the network interface.
823
To use this program for its intended purpose (see <xref
824
linkend="purpose"/>), the password for the root file system will
825
have to be given out to be stored in a server computer, after
826
having been encrypted using an OpenPGP key. This encrypted data
827
which will be stored in a server can only be decrypted by the
828
OpenPGP key, and the data will only be given out to those
829
clients who can prove they actually have that key. This key,
830
however, is stored unencrypted on the client side in its initial
831
<acronym>RAM</acronym> disk image file system. This is normally
832
readable by all, but this is normally fixed during installation
833
of this program; file permissions are set so that no-one is able
837
The only remaining weak point is that someone with physical
838
access to the client hard drive might turn off the client
839
computer, read the OpenPGP and TLS keys directly from the hard
840
drive, and communicate with the server. To safeguard against
841
this, the server is supposed to notice the client disappearing
842
and stop giving out the encrypted data. Therefore, it is
843
important to set the timeout and checker interval values tightly
844
on the server. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle
845
>mandos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
848
It will also help if the checker program on the server is
849
configured to request something from the client which can not be
850
spoofed by someone else on the network, like SSH server key
851
fingerprints, and unlike unencrypted <acronym>ICMP</acronym>
852
echo (<quote>ping</quote>) replies.
855
<emphasis>Note</emphasis>: This makes it completely insecure to
856
have <application >Mandos</application> clients which dual-boot
857
to another operating system which is <emphasis>not</emphasis>
858
trusted to keep the initial <acronym>RAM</acronym> disk image
863
386
<refsect1 id="see_also">
864
387
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
866
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>intro</refentrytitle>
867
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
868
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle>
869
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
870
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle>
871
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
872
389
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mandos</refentrytitle>
873
390
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
874
391
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>password-prompt</refentrytitle>
876
393
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>plugin-runner</refentrytitle>
877
394
<manvolnum>8mandos</manvolnum></citerefentry>
882
<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
886
Zeroconf is the network protocol standard used for finding
887
Mandos servers on the local network.
893
<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
897
Avahi is the library this program calls to find Zeroconf
904
<ulink url="https://www.gnutls.org/">GnuTLS</ulink>
908
GnuTLS is the library this client uses to implement TLS for
909
communicating securely with the server, and at the same time
910
send the public key to the server.
916
<ulink url="https://www.gnupg.org/related_software/gpgme/"
921
GPGME is the library used to decrypt the OpenPGP data sent
928
RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
929
Architecture</citetitle>
934
<term>Section 2.2: <citetitle>Text Representation of
935
Addresses</citetitle></term>
936
<listitem><para/></listitem>
939
<term>Section 2.5.5.2: <citetitle>IPv4-Mapped IPv6
940
Address</citetitle></term>
941
<listitem><para/></listitem>
944
<term>Section 2.5.6, <citetitle>Link-Local IPv6 Unicast
945
Addresses</citetitle></term>
948
This client uses IPv6 link-local addresses, which are
949
immediately usable since a link-local addresses is
950
automatically assigned to a network interface when it
960
RFC 5246: <citetitle>The Transport Layer Security (TLS)
961
Protocol Version 1.2</citetitle>
965
TLS 1.2 is the protocol implemented by GnuTLS.
971
RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message Format</citetitle>
975
The data received from the server is binary encrypted
982
RFC 7250: <citetitle>Using Raw Public Keys in Transport
983
Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
988
This is implemented by GnuTLS in version 3.6.6 and is, if
989
present, used by this program so that raw public keys can be
996
RFC 6091: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport Layer
1001
This is implemented by GnuTLS before version 3.6.0 and is,
1002
if present, used by this program so that OpenPGP keys can be
398
<ulink url="http://www.zeroconf.org/">Zeroconf</ulink>
402
<ulink url="http://www.avahi.org/">Avahi</ulink>
407
url="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</ulink>
412
url="http://www.gnupg.org/related_software/gpgme/"
417
<citation>RFC 4880: <citetitle>OpenPGP Message
418
Format</citetitle></citation>
422
<citation>RFC 5081: <citetitle>Using OpenPGP Keys for
423
Transport Layer Security</citetitle></citation>
427
<citation>RFC 4291: <citetitle>IP Version 6 Addressing
428
Architecture</citetitle>, section 2.5.6, Link-Local IPv6
429
Unicast Addresses</citation>
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